<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Quality Value Newsletter: Economía]]></title><description><![CDATA[Economía: análisis macro estructural aplicado a la inversión, para contextualizar y reforzar nuestras tesis e informes sectoriales. Editada por Juan Ramón Rallo.]]></description><link>https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/s/economia</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cLt_!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd11a1ae1-e816-4fb6-9c4b-a409f0390873_1024x1024.png</url><title>Quality Value Newsletter: Economía</title><link>https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/s/economia</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 15:46:25 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Quality Value Research]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[es]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[research@qualityvalueresearch.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[research@qualityvalueresearch.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Quality Value]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Quality Value]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[research@qualityvalueresearch.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[research@qualityvalueresearch.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Quality Value]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[La mayor burbuja de la historia]]></title><description><![CDATA[Las 4 barreras que frenar&#225;n la IA, por Pablo Mart&#237;n (CEO de Izertis).]]></description><link>https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/la-ia-llegara-pero-no-manana</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/la-ia-llegara-pero-no-manana</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Quality Value]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 09 Aug 2026 07:05:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png" width="1456" height="816" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_yy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8871986f-e5d8-41a9-939a-e8a1433bbb6e_2912x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Invertir con criterio exige algo previo a cualquier an&#225;lisis: un <strong>marco mental s&#243;lido </strong>sobre la realidad que nos rodea. Construirlo es hoy m&#225;s dif&#237;cil que nunca. La revoluci&#243;n de la IA avanza a un ritmo vertiginoso, y el ruido de titulares &#8212;alimentado en parte por nuestra propia impaciencia como lectores, que pedimos respuestas cortas a problemas complejos&#8212; lo complica a&#250;n m&#225;s.</p><p>En Quality Value queremos ayudar a construir ese marco. Por eso recurrimos a <strong>expertos y voces de primer nivel </strong>que conocen el cambio de primera mano. En marzo publicamos junto a Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo un <a href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/crisis-de-inteligencia-o-explosion">informe sobre el impacto </a><strong><a href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/crisis-de-inteligencia-o-explosion">macroecon&#243;mico</a></strong><a href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/crisis-de-inteligencia-o-explosion"> de la IA.</a></p><p>Hoy tenemos el honor de publicar el an&#225;lisis de<strong> Pablo Mart&#237;n, presidente y CEO de Izertis</strong>, una de las principales consultoras tecnol&#243;gicas de Espa&#241;a, sobre el impacto que la IA est&#225; teniendo en la <strong>econom&#237;a real:</strong> en el d&#237;a a d&#237;a de los negocios.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Os animamos a leerlo con calma. No busca dar respuestas r&#225;pidas, sino provocar la <strong>reflexi&#243;n</strong> desde la que cada uno pueda formar su propio criterio.</p></div><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MxrT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e319d5c-2726-4e26-8581-7a8b66786f6f_2310x2220.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MxrT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e319d5c-2726-4e26-8581-7a8b66786f6f_2310x2220.png 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MxrT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e319d5c-2726-4e26-8581-7a8b66786f6f_2310x2220.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MxrT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e319d5c-2726-4e26-8581-7a8b66786f6f_2310x2220.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MxrT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e319d5c-2726-4e26-8581-7a8b66786f6f_2310x2220.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MxrT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e319d5c-2726-4e26-8581-7a8b66786f6f_2310x2220.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Durante los &#250;ltimos dos a&#241;os, pero especialmente en los &#250;ltimos meses, se ha venido especulando de manera creciente sobre cu&#225;l ser&#225; el </span><strong><span>ritmo de adopci&#243;n real de la IA </span></strong><span>y, sobre todo, sobre el impacto que en todos los estamentos de nuestra sociedad tendr&#225; dicha adopci&#243;n.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Muchas de las hip&#243;tesis que se han ido vertiendo describen incluso </span><strong><span>distop&#237;as apocal&#237;pticas</span></strong><span>. La m&#225;s sonada es el famoso informe Citrini (Citrini Research, &#8216;The 2028 Global Intelligence Crisis&#8217;), que se volvi&#243; viral a comienzos de 2026 y lleg&#243; a sacudir los mercados. Conviene aclarar que no es una predicci&#243;n, sino un ejercicio te&#243;rico. Su argumento de fondo es sencillo: la inteligencia humana, que siempre ha sido el recurso m&#225;s escaso y mejor pagado, empieza a perder su valor porque la IA la sustituye, cada vez mejor, en m&#225;s y m&#225;s tareas. De ah&#237; nace lo que llama una &#171;espiral de desplazamiento&#187;: la IA mejora, las empresas necesitan menos gente, aumentan los despidos, los parados gastan menos, los m&#225;rgenes se resienten, se invierte a&#250;n m&#225;s en IA&#8230; y vuelta a empezar.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Lo m&#225;s llamativo es d&#243;nde golpea. El empleo de </span><strong><span>&#171;cuello blanco&#187;</span></strong><span> supone la mitad del empleo en EE. UU. y cerca del 75% del gasto discrecional (los coches, las vacaciones, las cenas fuera, los colegios privados&#8230;), as&#237; que basta con que se destruya una peque&#241;a parte para que el consumo se hunda. De ese desajuste sale el </span><strong><span>&#171;PIB fantasma&#187;</span></strong><span>: la productividad sube sobre el papel, pero los ingresos de las familias se desploman, llega una crisis financiera en cadena y, ya en 2028, el paro alcanza el 10,2% y la Bolsa cae cerca de un 38%. Por cierto, no conviene olvidar que todo esto es un ejercicio especulativo, criticado por no pocos economistas por apoyarse en supuestos extremos.</span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span>Por suerte, nada de esto se va a producir. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span>La IA tendr&#225; una adopci&#243;n mucho m&#225;s lenta.</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Siempre que ha surgido a lo largo de la historia una nueva tecnolog&#237;a o avance con capacidad de alterar la situaci&#243;n actual se produce el mismo</span><strong><span> ciclo de exageraci&#243;n:</span></strong><span> se tiende a sobrevalorar el impacto de ese avance tecnol&#243;gico en el corto plazo y a infravalorar el que tendr&#225; en el largo plazo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Esta m&#225;xima se ha cumplido casi con exactitud en las</span><strong><span> anteriores revoluciones.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Si recordamos la exageraci&#243;n de los tiempos de la </span><strong><span>burbuja .com</span></strong><span>, se afirmaba continuamente que los negocios que no se digitalizaran inmediatamente no existir&#237;an. Es famosa la afirmaci&#243;n que en 1999 hizo Andy Grove, entonces presidente del consejo de administraci&#243;n de Intel: </span></p><div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><span>&#171;Dentro de un tiempo, digamos cinco a&#241;os, </span><strong><span>no habr&#225; empresas de internet</span></strong><span>. Habr&#225; empresas que usen internet; todas las que operen usar&#225;n internet en sus operaciones, o quedar&#225;n marginadas&#187; </span>Andy Grove Ex-CEO Intel<span>.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Por suerte, se equivoc&#243;. </span></strong><span>Si bien 25 a&#241;os despu&#233;s gran parte de los negocios se han convertido en digitales, a&#250;n siguen existiendo negocios que no se han digitalizado en absoluto, y coexisten canales tradicionales con canales digitales.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Se tiende a infravalorar el tiempo, el esfuerzo y la </span><strong><span>complejidad</span></strong><span> que exige cualquier cambio, incluso cuando acaba produci&#233;ndose. Tambi&#233;n se subestima su coste econ&#243;mico, el impacto cultural que implica y la capacidad real de las personas para adaptarse a transformaciones de gran alcance.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Creo sinceramente que con la actual revoluci&#243;n de la IA pasar&#225; algo similar. Se va a producir, y ser&#225; una transformaci&#243;n a&#250;n mayor que las anteriores, pero </span><strong><span>ni ser&#225; ma&#241;ana, ni ser&#225; tan f&#225;cil, ni tan econ&#243;mica.</span></strong></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><span>Incluso puede que el modelo actual, basado en los </span><strong><span>LLM (Large Language Model)</span></strong><span>, no sea el modelo definitivo que produzca esta gran revoluci&#243;n.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Hay cuatro factores</span></strong><span> que considero que actuar&#225;n como barreras en el desarrollo de la IA actual. Los voy a ordenar por orden de dificultad, del m&#225;s sencillo al m&#225;s complicado de solventar. Puede que haya m&#225;s, pero considero que estos cuatro principales son suficientemente relevantes para que se cumpla mi hip&#243;tesis.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png" width="1456" height="1253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1253,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:392174,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/209877530?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33nw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F279f7d75-880a-4145-901c-488c6b2993e5_2310x1988.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span> 1.&#186; Desarrollo tecnol&#243;gico</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Se est&#225; transmitiendo la idea de que todas las aplicaciones, soluciones y posibilidades que nos cuentan son realidades que ya existen, que su disponibilidad es inmediata, su coste marginal, su facilidad de uso incre&#237;ble y el esfuerzo necesario para implantarlas, pr&#225;cticamente inexistente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Nada m&#225;s lejos de la realidad.</span></strong><span> Muchas de las cosas existen, otras est&#225;n en desarrollo y otras son simplemente ciencia ficci&#243;n. Implantarlas en los sistemas actuales, o sustituirlos, supone un trabajo inmenso: caro, arriesgado y lleno de inc&#243;gnitas por resolver.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>A esto se suma el coste de los propios LLM. Nos hemos quedado con la sensaci&#243;n de que son casi gratuitos. Sin embargo, en los &#250;ltimos meses hemos visto c&#243;mo se pasaba de esa </span><strong><span>aparente gratuidad inicial</span></strong><span> al alza de las suscripciones y, despu&#233;s, a cambios en las pol&#237;ticas de coste por </span><em><span>tokens</span></em><span>. El resultado ha sido un aumento muy significativo de los consumos y del gasto asociado en las empresas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Algunas grandes empresas han tenido que bloquear el acceso a estos modelos a parte de sus organizaciones al no poder asumir actualmente en sus presupuestos estos </span><strong><span>costes m&#225;s altos.</span></strong><span> No me refiero a peque&#241;as empresas, sino a corporaciones como Microsoft o Uber.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pero el coste que nos est&#225;n cobrando actualmente los LLM representa solo una fracci&#243;n de su coste real. Se tendr&#237;an que </span><strong><span>multiplicar al menos por diez las tarifas </span></strong><span>actuales para cubrir la operaci&#243;n, amortizar las inversiones realizadas y sostener un retorno m&#237;nimo. Por lo tanto, podemos ver c&#243;mo los precios se multiplican por diez, porque es imposible seguir financiando p&#233;rdidas al volumen de consumo que la oferta subvencionada produce y va a producir.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Y, de nuevo, pensemos en la</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>inversi&#243;n en t&#233;rminos econ&#243;micos y de todo tipo de recursos que supondr&#225; a las organizaciones implementar todo esto.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hay adem&#225;s un coste que pagar&#225; el propio consumidor de la IA. En muchos casos, el incremento que probablemente soportaremos en el precio de los </span><em><span>tokens</span></em><span> en los pr&#243;ximos a&#241;os nos llevar&#225; a replantear qu&#233; </span><strong><span>tareas</span></strong><span> son eficientes, en t&#233;rminos econ&#243;micos, para la IA, y cu&#225;les pueden ser </span><strong><span>recuperadas</span></strong><span> por modelos m&#225;s simples y </span><strong><span>humanos.</span></strong></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Es m&#225;s, </span><strong><span>tengo serias dudas</span></strong><span> de que los actuales modelos LLM sean la soluci&#243;n adecuada para muchas tareas en t&#233;rminos de coste y eficiencia energ&#233;tica. Y, desde luego, me cuesta mucho ver una IAG (IA general) basada en ellos.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Por cierto, las afirmaciones que algunos de los l&#237;deres de esas empresas de IA hacen sobre sus capacidades presentes o futuras no deben ser cre&#237;das a pies juntillas. Por supuesto, </span><strong><span>tienen un fuerte conflicto de inter&#233;s&#8230;</span></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nr98!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb46e33d9-14df-42cb-a09e-1b5b8ea8c7d7_2310x1498.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nr98!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb46e33d9-14df-42cb-a09e-1b5b8ea8c7d7_2310x1498.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nr98!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb46e33d9-14df-42cb-a09e-1b5b8ea8c7d7_2310x1498.png 848w, 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span> 2.&#186; Riesgo, regulaci&#243;n, legislaci&#243;n</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>En agosto de 2019</span></strong><span> me adelant&#243; un Waymo, un coche aut&#243;nomo, en la autopista entre San Francisco y San Jos&#233;, California. Me dije: </span></p><div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span>&#171;Ya est&#225;, ya es una realidad lo de los coches completamente aut&#243;nomos,             sin conductor&#187;. </span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Un a&#241;o y medio antes me hab&#237;a comprado un veh&#237;culo de una prestigiosa marca alemana que, en su anuncio promocional en YouTube, consegu&#237;a ir desde San Francisco a Las Vegas sin que nadie tocara su volante.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Estamos en agosto de 2026 y en las calles europeas siguen sin circular coches aut&#243;nomos.</span></strong><span> Solo en un pu&#241;ado de ciudades de EE. UU. y China se permite la circulaci&#243;n de estos veh&#237;culos, y con bastantes limitaciones en cuanto a los destinos y tipos de servicios.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;Qu&#233; sucede? </span></strong><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; si la tecnolog&#237;a est&#225; disponible desde hace a&#241;os no se est&#225; aplicando ya? Parte de la explicaci&#243;n est&#225; en el punto anterior: aunque la tecnolog&#237;a existe, no tiene la madurez suficiente para todos los casos de uso posibles.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pero lo m&#225;s importante es que existen </span><strong><span>barreras de tipo legal y regulatorio</span></strong><span> que dificultan o impiden su adopci&#243;n. A ello se suman riesgos de distinta naturaleza que obligan a actuar con m&#225;s cautela. Por eso, que una tecnolog&#237;a est&#233; disponible no significa necesariamente que pueda implantarse de forma inmediata.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Un gran banco no puede permitirse conectar modelos de IA que reescriban su software sobre sus sistemas </span><em><span>legacy </span></em><span>sin realizar millones de an&#225;lisis, pruebas y ensayos sobre lo que sucede. Y todo esto con una f&#233;rrea supervisi&#243;n humana.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Los </span><strong><span>sistemas cr&#237;ticos</span></strong><span> de las el&#233;ctricas, las centrales nucleares, las salas de emergencias hospitalarias y los quir&#243;fanos, las infraestructuras militares y de defensa, los cuerpos de seguridad, las agencias de inteligencia, los sat&#233;lites&#8230; </span><strong><span>&#191;de verdad es tan sencillo trasladar esto a un modo pilotado por IA?</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Har&#225;n falta muchos a&#241;os para evaluar todos los riesgos asociados a cada caso de uso y se autorice su implantaci&#243;n en determinadas </span><strong><span>infraestructuras cr&#237;ticas.</span></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png" width="1456" height="995" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QL3W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feaa9b20f-1953-4bf3-a899-f16f255ad478_2310x1578.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span>3.&#186; Disponibilidad de infraestructuras</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Para ejecutar toda esta IA se necesitan enormes centros de datos equipados con grandes sistemas de computaci&#243;n, que requieren infinidad de procesadores especializados, chips de memoria y sistemas de almacenamiento.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Todos esos componentes deben fabricarse, y la capacidad de producci&#243;n, en algunos casos, ya </span><strong><span>est&#225; tensionada al m&#225;ximo.</span></strong><span> Es posible construir nuevas f&#225;bricas de integrados, pero ampliar de forma dr&#225;stica la producci&#243;n no depende solo de levantar m&#225;s plantas. Toda la cadena de suministro est&#225; sometida a una fuerte presi&#243;n, y desarrollar esa capacidad industrial llevar&#225; a&#241;os.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Esos procesadores se instalan en centros de datos que a&#250;n no existen y que tambi&#233;n hay que construir. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;Se puede?</span></strong><span> Por supuesto, pero de nuevo es tarea de a&#241;os.</span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Y lo m&#225;s importante:</span></strong><span> para que todo esto funcione se necesitan cantidades inimaginables de energ&#237;a el&#233;ctrica. Energ&#237;a que no existe, que hay que producir.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Adem&#225;s, buena parte de ese suministro deber&#225; ser energ&#237;a de base: estable, continuo y garantizado las 24 horas del d&#237;a, los 365 d&#237;as del a&#241;o. No puede depender de horarios, de la climatolog&#237;a, de tensiones en la cadena de suministro ni de una fuerte volatilidad de precios a largo plazo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La energ&#237;a perfecta para este caso es </span><strong><span>la nuclear. </span></strong><span>Gran parte de Europa ha renunciado a ella. Podemos construir toda esa energ&#237;a que queramos, pero queremos que sea renovable, no contaminante y barata.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Pues s&#237;, poder se puede; pero es tarea de muchos, muchos a&#241;os.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La inversi&#243;n en el desarrollo tecnol&#243;gico de la propia IA se vuelve irrelevante si se compara con la que ser&#225; necesaria para las infraestructuras de c&#243;mputo donde esa IA deber&#225; correr en el futuro.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Nadie es capaz </span></strong><span>de calcular el volumen exacto que deber&#225; ser invertido en los pr&#243;ximos a&#241;os en energ&#237;a, centros de datos, f&#225;bricas de chips y otras infraestructuras necesarias. Pero todos los actores coinciden en la magnitud del desaf&#237;o: hablamos de trillones de d&#243;lares, billones en t&#233;rminos europeos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No es que no haya capital en el mundo que financie el desarrollo de estas infraestructuras. Cuando una inversi&#243;n demuestra un potencial de retorno sobre el capital adecuado al riesgo, ese capital aparece.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png" width="1456" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:328181,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/209877530?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BpH_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ab3f70d-306e-4713-8db0-9929e064d1eb_2310x1428.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Es aqu&#237; donde surge el meollo del problema:</strong> todav&#237;a no sabemos cu&#225;l es el retorno real de esas infraestructuras. Ni siquiera podemos calcularlo. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Por eso, buena parte de esa inversi&#243;n sigue teniendo un </span><strong><span>componente</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>altamente especulativo.</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Actualmente, las empresas que est&#225;n contratando esa capacidad de c&#225;lculo para procesar la IA, y que es lo que justifica todas estas inversiones, lo hacen asumiendo </span><strong><span>grandes p&#233;rdidas: </span></strong><span>el negocio no es rentable actualmente. No ganan dinero, ni parece que vayan a hacerlo en cantidad suficiente como para justificar, a medio plazo, el capital asignado.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Todas las dem&#225;s infraestructuras dependen de que se siga solicitando capacidad de c&#243;mputo a p&#233;rdidas. </span><strong><span>En alg&#250;n momento alguien dir&#225; </span></strong><span>que no puede seguir inyectando capital sin tener un retorno asegurado razonable.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Esto har&#225; que todos se centren en la b&#250;squeda de esa rentabilidad, lo que seguramente ralentizar&#225; el ritmo de adopci&#243;n de esta IA &#171;gratis&#187; actualmente. Cuando el precio de los </span><em><span>tokens</span></em><span> suba hasta cubrir los costes y el rendimiento de capital, la demanda bajar&#225; </span><strong><span>hasta encontrar el equilibrio.</span></strong></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Las expectativas de retorno que se est&#225;n generando sobre la IA son totalmente irracionales. Llevo meses advirtiendo, a todo el que quiera o&#237;rme, que </span><strong><span>no invierta en IA</span></strong><span> salvo que lo haga con un enfoque marcadamente especulativo y consciente del alt&#237;simo riesgo que est&#225; asumiendo.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pero claro, cuando todo el mundo sabe esto, todos invierten en ello, y adem&#225;s las rentabilidades que se est&#225;n obteniendo en los mercados son ilusorias: </span><strong><span>&#191;qui&#233;n es el que se atreve a sostener la tesis contraria?</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No es que estas empresas o activos no tengan valor:</span><strong><span> es una cuesti&#243;n de precio.</span></strong><span> Una compa&#241;&#237;a puede ser fant&#225;stica y, al mismo tiempo, convertirse en una p&#233;sima inversi&#243;n si su valoraci&#243;n carece de sentido. De eso se trata: de comprar buenos activos a precios razonables. Actualmente, en el mercado de la IA hay activos buenos y malos, pero resulta casi imposible encontrar unos u otros a valoraciones sensatas. No digo baratas; digo, simplemente, razonables.</span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span>Estamos ante la mayor burbuja de la historia. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span>Mayor a&#250;n que la burbuja de internet.</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No es que esto carezca de sentido: la IA ser&#225; un gran negocio en alg&#250;n momento. Pero, ahora mismo, lo es sobre todo para quienes crean y colocan el producto en el mercado, y para los bancos de inversi&#243;n. Quienes mantengan las inversiones realizadas a estos precios </span><strong><span>seguramente perder&#225;n much&#237;simo dinero.</span></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwET!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be6deff-8fdb-436b-b061-b5614f94eaf0_2310x2318.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwET!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be6deff-8fdb-436b-b061-b5614f94eaf0_2310x2318.png 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwET!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be6deff-8fdb-436b-b061-b5614f94eaf0_2310x2318.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwET!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be6deff-8fdb-436b-b061-b5614f94eaf0_2310x2318.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwET!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be6deff-8fdb-436b-b061-b5614f94eaf0_2310x2318.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwET!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8be6deff-8fdb-436b-b061-b5614f94eaf0_2310x2318.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em><strong>*Nota: </strong>si el art&#237;culo te est&#225; aportando, al final tienes las &#250;ltimas <strong>tesis</strong> que hemos publicado en <strong>abierto en el research.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span>4.&#186; Sobre la cultura y las personas</span></h2><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Lo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de gestionar en este mundo son las personas. </span><strong><span>No hay nada con un nivel de complejidad tal como el ser humano.</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cuando, hace a&#241;os, habl&#225;bamos de la transformaci&#243;n digital, dec&#237;amos que el problema principal para su implantaci&#243;n no era la tecnolog&#237;a, ni los presupuestos, ni cualquier otra raz&#243;n, sino el cambio cultural y la adaptaci&#243;n de las personas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pues ahora nos encontramos ante </span><strong><span>un cambio mucho m&#225;s profundo</span></strong><span> que el que planteamos hace una d&#233;cada. Es necesario replantear todos los modelos de negocio, abordar una reingenier&#237;a a fondo de los procesos, sustituir a muchas personas que, por diversas razones, no podr&#225;n adaptarse, incorporar nuevos perfiles con roles distintos, algunos dif&#237;ciles de encontrar, y, sobre todo, acometer un </span><em><span>reskilling</span></em><span> completo de quienes contin&#250;en en las organizaciones.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><span>&#191;</span><strong><span>Cu&#225;nto tiempo</span></strong><span> creemos que nos tomar&#225; esto en una gran multinacional o en la administraci&#243;n p&#250;blica de un pa&#237;s? </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span>&#191;De verdad que alguien cree que esta es una tarea que, adem&#225;s de tit&#225;nica, no sea labor de </span><strong><span>much&#237;simos a&#241;os</span></strong><span>?</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Habr&#225; que formar perfiles para roles que no existen, dise&#241;ar itinerarios formativos, negociar el cambio, vencer las resistencias. </span><strong><span>En definitiva: </span></strong><span>si la metamorfosis digital era muy dif&#237;cil, la adopci&#243;n profunda de la IA es un reto extraordinario.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png" width="1456" height="1007" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!giKp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb11fee6b-6c9b-4d1f-9e9e-e5a365434331_2310x1598.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span>La paradoja de Jevons</span></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La paradoja de Jevons es un fen&#243;meno econ&#243;mico en el que un aumento en la eficiencia del uso de un recurso provoca un aumento en su consumo total, en lugar de su reducci&#243;n. Fue formulada en </span><strong><span>1865</span></strong><span> por el economista ingl&#233;s William Stanley Jevons en su libro &#8216;The Coal Question&#8217; </span><strong><span>(El problema del carb&#243;n).</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Jevons not&#243; que las m&#225;quinas de vapor de James Watt gastaban menos carb&#243;n por unidad de trabajo, pero que esto hizo que usar carb&#243;n fuera tan rentable que la industria lo adopt&#243; en masa, y el </span><strong><span>consumo total creci&#243; con rapidez.</span></strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; ocurre?</span></p></blockquote><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Por un </span><strong><span>menor coste relativo</span></strong><span>: hacer que un recurso sea m&#225;s eficiente, abaratando su uso, reduce el coste final de los bienes y servicios que dependen de &#233;l.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Por una </span><strong><span>mayor demanda</span></strong><span>: al bajar el precio o el coste de uso, la demanda por parte de los consumidores y las empresas sube de forma notable, superando el ahorro inicial logrado por la eficiencia.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Y por </span><strong><span>expansi&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica</span></strong><span>: permite que nuevos usuarios o industrias que antes no pod&#237;an pagar el recurso ahora comiencen a usarlo masivamente.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Esta observaci&#243;n de Jevons sobre el aumento del consumo de carb&#243;n ha podido replicarse constantemente en otros casos, cada vez que una mejora productiva ha logrado reducir notablemente el coste de los bienes o servicios.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La paradoja de Jevons puede ayudarnos a explicar por qu&#233; la inteligencia artificial, como herramienta de productividad radical, no tiene por qu&#233; reducir la demanda de servicios tecnol&#243;gicos. Al contrario:</span><strong><span> puede impulsar que &#225;reas como el desarrollo de software crezcan de forma exponencial y que el tama&#241;o total de este mercado aumente, en lugar de contraerse.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Por supuesto, puede haber quien, aceptando esto, afirme que, no obstante, la totalidad del trabajo necesario para prestar esos servicios, no solo una parte, pase a ser producido por la IA. Seg&#250;n esta tesis, aunque el tama&#241;o del mercado creciera de forma exponencial, no habr&#237;a negocio ni para consultoras ni para humanos, porque el </span><strong><span>100 % del trabajo lo realizar&#237;a la IA.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Esto &#250;ltimo es, hoy, del todo </span><strong><span>imposible</span></strong><span>, incluso en un horizonte a medio plazo. Por eso, la reducci&#243;n del esfuerzo de producci&#243;n que permite la IA har&#225; crecer la demanda de servicios y, en consecuencia, tambi&#233;n el trabajo para las consultoras.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>El error, por tanto, est&#225; en pensar que m&#225;s productividad equivale necesariamente a menos mercado. La historia econ&#243;mica demuestra, una y otra vez, que cuando una tecnolog&#237;a abarata de verdad una actividad, no siempre la reduce: muchas veces la multiplica. </span><strong><span>Y la inteligencia artificial, al menos en esta fase, parece encajar mucho m&#225;s en esa l&#243;gica que en la de una sustituci&#243;n total e inmediata.</span></strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay_A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44c4523c-c0bc-4275-b55c-a09b8e98e3b9_2310x1728.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay_A!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44c4523c-c0bc-4275-b55c-a09b8e98e3b9_2310x1728.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay_A!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44c4523c-c0bc-4275-b55c-a09b8e98e3b9_2310x1728.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay_A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44c4523c-c0bc-4275-b55c-a09b8e98e3b9_2310x1728.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ay_A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44c4523c-c0bc-4275-b55c-a09b8e98e3b9_2310x1728.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Podcast Quality Value </h2><h4 style="text-align: justify;">Con Pablo Mart&#237;n Preside y CEO de Izertis</h4><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ampliamos</strong> todos estos puntos con Pablo en el podcast de Quality Value. Una conversaci&#243;n de m&#225;s de una hora donde entramos en el detalle de cada uno de los temas que ha tratado en este art&#237;culo.</p></div><div id="youtube2-kYMG3FlEuuU" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;kYMG3FlEuuU&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:&quot;752s&quot;,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/kYMG3FlEuuU?start=752s&amp;rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div><hr></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Tesis recientes: software de calidad a precios razonables</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Compartimos la visi&#243;n de Pablo, y nuestra cartera lo refleja. No cubrimos semiconductores ni infraestructura de IA: cotizan a m&#250;ltiplos que no sabemos justificar. S&#237; estudiamos de cerca empresas de software que creemos capaces de mantener sus ventajas competitivas y <strong>capturar la demanda</strong> creciente que la IA generar&#225; sobre sus productos y servicios &#8212; la paradoja de Jevons que describe Pablo, aplicada a la inversi&#243;n.</p><p>El mercado ha pasado todo el a&#241;o castigando a estos negocios por miedo a la IA. <strong>Pero algo est&#225; cambiando:</strong> empieza a premiar con fuerza a las que, con toda la narrativa en contra, siguen presentando buenos resultados. </p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Es el caso de <strong>SAP y Atlassian </strong>&#8212;ambas en la cartera de Quality Value&#8212;, que se han revalorizado un <strong>+30%</strong> en poco m&#225;s de dos semanas y un<strong> +35%</strong> en una sola sesi&#243;n tras presentar resultados. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/tesis-atlassian-oportunidad-historica&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leer Tesis Atlassian&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/tesis-atlassian-oportunidad-historica"><span>Leer Tesis Atlassian</span></a></p></div><p>En la publicaci&#243;n de la semana pasada explicamos este fen&#243;meno y desvelamos todas las <strong>empresas que tenemos en cartera</strong>, con foco en las de software donde el mercado empieza a reconocer valor y donde a&#250;n vemos recorrido:</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;12cae06f-7dbc-425f-a03a-0719e7ae8343&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;El software est&#225; a punto de explotar.&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:89972075,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Quality Value Research&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Firma boutique de research para inversores minoristas e institucionales: an&#225;lisis con rigor profesional, explicado con claridad y con enfoque ejecutivo. | Especialistas en empresas de Software y SaaS. &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7fe407d8-2ae0-4fe1-afbb-5902a8e55264_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-08-01T06:05:49.359Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/413035d2-a00b-4e59-8761-04bb49149b39_2310x1240.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/el-software-esta-a-punto-de-explotar&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Cartera Modelo&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:208957626,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:11,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:874022,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Quality Value Research&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cLt_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd11a1ae1-e816-4fb6-9c4b-a409f0390873_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cómo posicionar tu cartera en la transición hacia la era de la IA]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los 3 activos a priorizar y las 5 decisiones clave para el inversor.]]></description><link>https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/como-posicionar-tu-cartera-en-la</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/como-posicionar-tu-cartera-en-la</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Quality Value]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 08:10:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d4f9318f-0c1c-499c-828a-654ea4b8680c_2446x1072.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>El domingo pasado publicamos nuestro memo de r&#233;plica al escenario catastr&#243;fico planteado por <strong>Citrini</strong> una semana antes.</p><p>Para abordar el debate con el rigor que exige un asunto de esta magnitud, contamos con la participaci&#243;n de <strong>Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo</strong>, uno de los economistas m&#225;s influyentes del &#225;mbito hispanohablante, con el objetivo de analizar punto por punto el extenso memo de Citrini y se&#241;alar los <strong>errores conceptuales y omisiones estructurales</strong> que identificamos.</p><p>Adem&#225;s, tenemos el placer de anunciar que J.R. Rallo se incorpora a Quality Value Research como editor de la <strong>nueva secci&#243;n de Econom&#237;a.</strong> Este espacio nace con un prop&#243;sito claro: aportar an&#225;lisis macroecon&#243;mico riguroso y estructural que complemente y refuerce nuestras tesis de inversi&#243;n e informes sectoriales, integrando el contexto econ&#243;mico dentro del proceso inversor de forma coherente y sistem&#225;tica.</p><p>A partir de ahora, el suscriptor contar&#225; con un <strong>servicio m&#225;s completo:</strong> nuestras tesis e informes seguir&#225;n siendo el eje central, pero respaldados por una comprensi&#243;n macroecon&#243;mica estructural que los contextualiza y fortalece.</p><p>La r&#233;plica original fue un trabajo extenso y detallado. El memo de Citrini exig&#237;a una respuesta igualmente profunda, abordando cada uno de sus argumentos con precisi&#243;n anal&#237;tica.</p><blockquote><p>No obstante, hoy queremos ofrecer una versi&#243;n estructurada en tres niveles:</p></blockquote><ol><li><p> Una <strong>s&#237;ntesis ejecutiva</strong> de los principales puntos del an&#225;lisis, para extraer las ideas clave de forma clara y accesible.</p></li><li><p>Un bloque espec&#237;fico sobre <strong>qu&#233; implica este escenario para el inversor</strong>, con conclusiones operativas y accionables para la construcci&#243;n de cartera.</p></li><li><p>Un <strong>one-pager visual</strong> centrado en la tesis central del debate: los mecanismos econ&#243;micos que corrigen el &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221;, los riesgos reales de la transici&#243;n y los 3 tipos de activos a priorizar (y qu&#233; vigilar)</p></li></ol><p>Para quienes deseen profundizar, dejaremos disponible el an&#225;lisis completo.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Lo que viene</h3><p>Asimismo, este domingo publicaremos una conversaci&#243;n especialmente relevante con uno de los <strong>referentes de la filosof&#237;a Quality Value: Tom&#225;s Maraver, fundador y CIO de Nartex Capital</strong>. En un momento en el que la inversi&#243;n en calidad y valoraci&#243;n vuelve a estar en debate, analizaremos junto a &#233;l el estado actual del mercado, la disciplina en la asignaci&#243;n de capital, sectores como IT y <strong>software</strong>, y el impacto de la inteligencia artificial en la configuraci&#243;n de ganadores y perdedores.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Lo que vas a leer hoy</h3><p>&#191;Crisis de inteligencia o explosi&#243;n de oportunidades?</p><ol><li><p>R&#233;plica completa de Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo</p></li><li><p>S&#237;ntesis ejecutiva del an&#225;lisis</p></li><li><p>Implicaciones para el inversor</p></li><li><p>One-pager visual: los 3 tipos de activos a priorizar (y qu&#233; vigilar)</p></li></ol><blockquote><p>Tiempo estimado de lectura (s&#237;ntesis): 5&#8211;10 minutos.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Acceso al Research de Quality Value</h3><p>Si eres un inversor ocupado y buscas research riguroso en formato ejecutivo &#8212;ideas, tesis y seguimiento explicados con m&#225;xima claridad&#8212;, puedes suscribirte al Research de Quality Value. Incluye acceso al canal Discord, base de datos con +250 acciones y el archivo completo de tesis e informes.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3ODb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd75f52bb-57ef-4d12-8acd-7cc3bf006c9c_1440x728.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>1) R&#233;plica completa de Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo</h1><p>Para quien quiera profundizar, aqu&#237; est&#225; el documento completo en ambos idiomas:</p><ul><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/crisis-de-inteligencia-o-explosion">Castellano (original)</a></strong></p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/intelligence-crisis-or-explosion">Ingl&#233;s (traducci&#243;n)</a></strong></p></li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Tiempo estimado de lectura:</strong> 20&#8211;30 min.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h1>2) S&#237;ntesis ejecutiva del an&#225;lisis</h1><blockquote><p><strong>Tiempo estimado de lectura:</strong> 5&#8211;10 min.</p></blockquote><h2>1. El escenario de Citrini: el &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221;</h2><p><strong>Tesis de Citrini:</strong></p><p>La IA genera una explosi&#243;n de productividad, pero destruye empleo cualificado m&#225;s r&#225;pido de lo que la econom&#237;a puede reabsorberlo.</p><p>La renta salarial cae, el consumo se debilita, el cr&#233;dito se tensiona y el sistema financiero entra en espiral.</p><p>El resultado ser&#237;a un &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221;: producci&#243;n que aparece en las cuentas nacionales, pero que no se traduce en ingresos disponibles para las personas.</p><p><strong>S&#237;ntesis cr&#237;tica de Rallo:</strong></p><p>Citrini confunde un shock de redistribuci&#243;n de renta con destrucci&#243;n estructural de demanda.</p><p>La producci&#243;n no desaparece: cambia el canal por el que circula la renta.</p><div><hr></div><h2>2. La incertidumbre radical: esta vez s&#237; es diferente (pero no sabemos c&#243;mo)</h2><p><strong>Punto clave:</strong></p><p>Si la IA es realmente una tecnolog&#237;a sustitutiva del trabajo humano a escala general, estamos ante algo sin precedentes hist&#243;ricos.</p><p>El rango de resultados va:</p><ul><li><p>desde prosperidad material sin precedentes</p></li><li><p>hasta riesgo existencial.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Tesis de Rallo:</strong></p><p>Construir escenarios con precisi&#243;n de &#8220;macro memo 2028&#8221; en un entorno de incertidumbre existencial es epistemol&#243;gicamente temerario.</p><p>La transici&#243;n puede describirse.</p><p>El equilibrio final no.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1264,&quot;width&quot;:1428,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>3. El dolor de la transici&#243;n es real</h2><p>Rallo concede algo fundamental:</p><p>La descapitalizaci&#243;n del capital humano espec&#237;fico es real.</p><p>Ejemplos:</p><ul><li><p>Product managers,</p></li><li><p>analistas financieros,</p></li><li><p>desarrolladores junior,</p></li><li><p>consultores de fricci&#243;n organizativa.</p></li></ul><p>La IA puede volver irrelevante su ventaja comparativa en pocos a&#241;os.</p><p>Esto no es ret&#243;rica: es un coste humano aut&#233;ntico.</p><p>Pero dolor de transici&#243;n &#8800; colapso estructural permanente.</p><div><hr></div><h2>4. Capital y trabajo: el giro conceptual</h2><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; el n&#250;cleo te&#243;rico del art&#237;culo.</p><p>Citrini sostiene:</p><blockquote><p>La IA rompe la complementariedad hist&#243;rica capital-trabajo.</p></blockquote><p>Rallo responde:<br>Incluso si capital y trabajo se vuelven sustitutivos, el capital sigue siendo propiedad humana.</p><p>Y el capital implica tres funciones irreductibles:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Espera (time preference)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Absorci&#243;n de incertidumbre</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Juicio empresarial original</strong></p></li></ol><p>La IA puede ejecutar juicio derivado.</p><p>No puede ejercer juicio original mientras sea instrumento.</p><p>Por tanto:<br>La relaci&#243;n capital-trabajo puede romperse.<br>La relaci&#243;n capital-propietario humano no.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png" width="1456" height="1235" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1235,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2>5. El mito del <em>Ghost GDP</em></h2><p>Rallo dice: <strong>la producci&#243;n nunca es &#8220;fantasma&#8221;</strong> porque, cuando se produce m&#225;s con IA, <strong>el dinero no desaparece: cambia de manos.</strong></p><p>Si baja el salario, sube el beneficio. Ese beneficio:</p><ul><li><p>se reparte (dividendos / recompras) o se invierte, <strong>y/o</strong></p></li><li><p>la competencia lo obliga a bajar precios.</p></li></ul><p>Y cuando bajan precios, la gente <strong>compra lo mismo pagando menos</strong> y le queda dinero para otras cosas.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Conclusi&#243;n:</strong> no se evapora la demanda. Se redistribuye la renta y aumenta el poder adquisitivo v&#237;a abaratamiento.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png" width="1452" height="1080" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1080,&quot;width&quot;:1452,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>6. IA como gran nivelador empresarial</h2><p>Este es uno de los bloques m&#225;s potentes.</p><blockquote><p>La IA no solo abarata consumo.<br>Abarata producir.</p></blockquote><p>Reduce:</p><ul><li><p>el capital humano necesario,</p></li><li><p>el capital intelectual,</p></li><li><p>las barreras de entrada.</p></li></ul><p>Esto puede facilitar la transici&#243;n de:<br>trabajador &#8594; propietario de capital.</p><p>La pregunta relevante no es:<br>&#8220;&#191;Habr&#225; nuevos empleos?&#8221;</p><p>Sino:<br>&#8220;&#191;Bajar&#225; lo suficiente el umbral para participar como capitalista?&#8221;</p><p>Si baja dr&#225;sticamente, la din&#225;mica cambia por completo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png" width="1296" height="1632" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1632,&quot;width&quot;:1296,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>7. Transici&#243;n financiera: s&#237;, habr&#225; estr&#233;s</h2><p>Rallo no niega el riesgo financiero.</p><p>Contratos firmados bajo supuestos del r&#233;gimen anterior pueden romperse:</p><ul><li><p>Hipotecas</p></li><li><p>Private credit</p></li><li><p>SaaS con ARR apalancado</p></li><li><p>Modelos de intermediaci&#243;n obsoletos</p></li></ul><p>Habr&#225; repricing.<br>Habr&#225; impagos.<br>Habr&#225; tensi&#243;n.</p><p>Pero eso es ajuste entre reg&#237;menes productivos, no prueba de colapso estructural permanente.</p><p>Es transici&#243;n contractual, no implosi&#243;n ontol&#243;gica de la demanda.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png" width="1456" height="1289" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1289,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>8. La omisi&#243;n clave: el Estado</h2><p>Citrini modela el colapso sin modelar la reacci&#243;n del mayor agente econ&#243;mico.</p><p>Rallo se&#241;ala tres reacciones previsibles:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Reconfiguraci&#243;n fiscal</strong><br>Si la renta migra a capital, la base imponible migra con ella.</p></li><li><p><strong>Redistribuci&#243;n pol&#237;tica</strong><br>Los perdedores votan.</p></li><li><p><strong>Intervenci&#243;n financiera</strong><br>Fed y Tesoro no observan pasivamente un colapso hipotecario.</p></li></ol><blockquote><p>Ignorar la reacci&#243;n estatal sesga el escenario hacia el dramatismo.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png" width="1456" height="1298" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1298,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>9. Conclusi&#243;n: transici&#243;n vs destino</h2><p>El error central que Rallo identifica:</p><p>Confundir el coste del ajuste con el equilibrio final.</p><p>El verdadero &#8220;canario&#8221; no es la demanda agregada.</p><p>Es:</p><ul><li><p>la velocidad de la transici&#243;n,</p></li><li><p>la capacidad institucional de adaptaci&#243;n,</p></li><li><p>y el control humano sobre la IA.</p></li></ul><p>Si la IA sigue siendo instrumento:<br>la econom&#237;a se reconfigura.</p><p>Si deja de ser instrumento:<br>el debate econ&#243;mico pierde sentido.</p><div><hr></div><h2>10. El &#8220;canario&#8221; real: qu&#233; vigilar de verdad</h2><p><strong>Qu&#233; dice Citrini:</strong><br>&#8220;El canario sigue vivo&#8221; = a&#250;n hay tiempo antes de que el colapso (demanda/cr&#233;dito/hipotecas/Estado) sea inevitable.</p><p><strong>Qu&#233; replica Rallo:</strong><br>El canario <strong>no</strong> es &#8220;la demanda agregada colapsando porque se seca la n&#243;mina&#8221;. </p><p>Eso asume tres cosas que no se sostienen:</p><ol><li><p>que la demanda solo circula por salarios,</p></li><li><p>que la gente solo participa como trabajador,</p></li><li><p>que las instituciones no se adaptan.</p></li></ol><blockquote><p>Entonces,<strong> &#191;cu&#225;l es el &#8220;canario&#8221; que hay que vigilar?</strong></p></blockquote><p>Rallo dice que el riesgo principal no es &#8220;se acaba la demanda&#8221;, sino <strong>si la transici&#243;n se gestiona bien o mal</strong>. Hay 3 cosas a vigilar:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Velocidad del cambio</strong><br>Si la IA cambia el mercado <strong>m&#225;s r&#225;pido</strong> de lo que la gente puede adaptarse (reciclarse, recolocarse o emprender).<br><em>Clave:</em> cu&#225;nta gente queda &#8220;colgada&#8221; y durante cu&#225;nto tiempo.</p></li><li><p><strong>Respuesta del Estado</strong><br>Si el gobierno <strong>amortigua el golpe</strong> (ayudas, impuestos, regulaci&#243;n) <strong>sin frenar</strong> la creaci&#243;n de riqueza.<br><em>Riesgo:</em> pasarse y matar incentivos / inversi&#243;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>Control de la IA</strong><br>La pregunta previa a todo: &#191;la IA seguir&#225; siendo una herramienta bajo control humano, o empezar&#225; a marcar los fines y decisiones?</p></li></ol><p><strong>Cierre conceptual:</strong></p><blockquote><p>El riesgo no es que la IA produzca demasiado. </p><p>El riesgo es <strong>confundir el dolor del ajuste con un destino inevitable</strong> y, por p&#225;nico, aplicar pol&#237;ticas que frenen la creaci&#243;n de riqueza (porque sin creaci&#243;n de riqueza no hay redistribuci&#243;n sostenible).</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png" width="1394" height="1678" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1678,&quot;width&quot;:1394,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h1>3) Si Rallo tiene raz&#243;n: qu&#233; implica y qu&#233; hacemos como inversores</h1><p>Si el marco de Rallo es correcto, la IA <strong>no &#8220;rompe&#8221; la econom&#237;a por falta de demanda</strong>. Lo que hace es <strong>cambiar por d&#243;nde circula la renta</strong> (menos salarios, m&#225;s beneficios y, sobre todo, <strong>precios m&#225;s bajos</strong> por competencia). </p><blockquote><p>El ajuste puede ser duro y desordenado, pero el destino no tiene por qu&#233; ser catastr&#243;fico.</p></blockquote><h2>Qu&#233; hacemos en cartera (acciones concretas)</h2><p>Con este marco estructural, el objetivo es convertir un debate macro en <strong>decisiones de inversi&#243;n</strong>. A continuaci&#243;n resumimos <strong>5 acciones concretas</strong> que, en nuestra opini&#243;n, tienen sentido aplicar como inversores: explicadas de forma clara, ejecutiva y orientadas a cartera.</p><p>Para cerrar, compartimos para su <strong>descarga una Gu&#237;a r&#225;pida de los 3 tipos de activos a priorizar</strong> (y qu&#233; vigilar), en formato one-pager visual.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png" width="1456" height="638" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:638,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:223098,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189775772?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYeT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2df57e-6fb0-45ba-8feb-695ac0bf656b_2446x1072.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>1) Buscamos &#8220;ganadores por productividad&#8221;</h3>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/como-posicionar-tu-cartera-en-la">
              Read more
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿Crisis de inteligencia o explosión de oportunidades? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[La r&#233;plica econ&#243;mica de Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo al escenario 2028 planteado por Citrini en Quality Value Research.]]></description><link>https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/crisis-de-inteligencia-o-explosion</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/crisis-de-inteligencia-o-explosion</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Quality Value]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 08:10:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ea5fce39-2b0f-44c8-bd61-22eb98020727_1440x728.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><a href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/intelligence-crisis-or-explosion">&#8594; English version</a></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Un art&#237;culo publicado por <strong>Citrini</strong> &#8212;una de las firmas de research m&#225;s reconocidas del sector&#8212; gener&#243; un intenso debate en redes sociales y medios financieros. <strong>Bloomberg</strong> lleg&#243; a se&#241;alarlo como uno de los catalizadores de la correcci&#243;n que sufrieron las compa&#241;&#237;as de software el lunes 23 de febrero.</p><p>El informe plantea un escenario hacia 2028 en el que la <strong>inteligencia artificial</strong>, impulsada por un crecimiento exponencial de la productividad, desencadena una disrupci&#243;n de tal magnitud que terminar&#237;a erosionando la econom&#237;a real y generando desequilibrios estructurales profundos.</p><p>Se trata de un an&#225;lisis ambicioso, elaborado y bien documentado. Sin embargo, a nuestro juicio, <strong>contiene supuestos econ&#243;micos discutibles y omite</strong> ciertos mecanismos de ajuste que hist&#243;ricamente han operado en procesos de transformaci&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica.</p><blockquote><p>Para abordar esta cuesti&#243;n con el rigor que merece, hoy contamos con la participaci&#243;n de uno de los economistas m&#225;s influyentes en el &#225;mbito del an&#225;lisis macroecon&#243;mico en el mundo hispanohablante: <strong>Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png" width="1456" height="510" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:510,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:395073,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189265106?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pLni!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7763e32-8937-4d38-9078-734a6c40f52c_1880x658.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Rallo es <strong>doctor en Econom&#237;a</strong>, profesor universitario y uno de los principales exponentes contempor&#225;neos del pensamiento liberal y la escuela austriaca. Su trabajo combina profundidad te&#243;rica, an&#225;lisis hist&#243;rico y capacidad divulgativa, lo que le convierte en una referencia obligada cuando se trata de interpretar grandes transformaciones estructurales como la que estamos viviendo.</p><p>Adem&#225;s, nos complace anunciar que esta colaboraci&#243;n no ser&#225; puntual. Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo <strong>se incorpora </strong>como editor de la nueva secci&#243;n de<strong> Econom&#237;a de Quality Value</strong>, un espacio dedicado al an&#225;lisis macroecon&#243;mico y estructural que <strong>complementar&#225;</strong> nuestras tesis de inversi&#243;n e informes tem&#225;ticos, permitiendo a nuestros lectores integrar el contexto macro en su proceso de asignaci&#243;n de capital.</p><p>Sin m&#225;s, os dejamos con este primer art&#237;culo, <strong>cuyo objetivo</strong> es identificar los mecanismos econ&#243;micos que probablemente operar&#225;n en esta transici&#243;n hacia el nuevo paradigma tecnol&#243;gico, as&#237; como los errores te&#243;ricos que pueden distorsionar su interpretaci&#243;n &#8212;sin pretender anticipar ni el calendario ni la forma concreta en que estos procesos se materializar&#225;n.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2>&#191;Crisis de inteligencia o explosi&#243;n de oportunidades?</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png" width="1172" height="1604" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1604,&quot;width&quot;:1172,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:145512,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189265106?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UmR_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2419653a-2e14-42a8-9ec8-8671bdcfca9f_1172x1604.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Un art&#237;culo de <strong>CitriniResearch </strong>ha generado un notable revuelo en redes sociales durante los &#250;ltimos d&#237;as, y no es dif&#237;cil entender por qu&#233;. El escenario que describe &#8212;redactado como si fuera una macro memo de junio de 2028&#8212; es, cuando menos, inquietante. </p><p><strong>Su tesis central</strong> puede resumirse as&#237;: la IA est&#225; generando un crecimiento de productividad sin precedentes, pero ese crecimiento es estructuralmente incapaz de circular por la econom&#237;a real porque destruye precisamente la base de ingresos laborales sobre la que reposa toda la arquitectura del consumo, el cr&#233;dito y la fiscalidad americanos. Las m&#225;quinas producen, pero no gastan. Los trabajadores desplazados gastan menos. Las empresas reinvierten el ahorro en m&#225;s IA, que desplaza a m&#225;s trabajadores. La din&#225;mica se re-troalimenta sin freno natural, y su aceleraci&#243;n amenaza con fracturar sucesivamente el mercado de cr&#233;dito privado, el mercado hipotecario y, en &#250;ltima instancia, la solvencia del propio Estado federal. Lo que Citrini llama <strong>&#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221;</strong> &#8212;output que aparece en las cuentas nacionales pero nunca llega a los bolsillos de nadie&#8212; ser&#237;a la patolog&#237;a central de este nuevo capitalismo cognitivo.</p><p>Es un argumento elaborado, bien documentado y, en varios de sus tramos descriptivos, probablemente correcto. </p><blockquote><p>El problema es que confunde la transici&#243;n con el destino. </p></blockquote><p>Todo lo que Citrini describe &#8212;el dolor del desplazamiento laboral, el estr&#233;s financiero, la inadecuaci&#243;n de los contratos heredados, la lentitud de la respuesta institucional&#8212; son rasgos reconocibles de una econom&#237;a que atraviesa una reestructuraci&#243;n profunda entre dos reg&#237;menes productivos. Lo que Citrini no demuestra, aunque lo asume en cada p&#225;gina, es que esos rasgos transitorios constituyan el estado estacionario del r&#233;gimen nuevo. </p><p>Y esa confusi&#243;n, entre el coste del ajuste y la naturaleza del equilibrio al que se llega, descansa sobre uno de los <strong>errores m&#225;s antiguos y persistentes de la historia </strong>del pensamiento econ&#243;mico.</p><div><hr></div><h3>La incertidumbre radical de lo genuinamente nuevo</h3><p>Antes de entrar en la cr&#237;tica sustantiva, conviene detenerse en un punto que el propio Citrini reconoce de pasada pero cuyas implicaciones no extrae: hacer pron&#243;sticos sobre el impacto econ&#243;mico de la IA es extraordinariamente dif&#237;cil. No con la dificultad habitual de cualquier previsi&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica, sino con una dificultad cualitativamente distinta. Y la raz&#243;n es exactamente la que el propio Citrini identifica como fundamento de su tesis: <strong>esta vez es distinto.</strong></p><p>Si la IA es, como Citrini y muchos otros argumentan, la primera tecnolog&#237;a en la historia que convierte capital y trabajo en factores sustitutivos &#8212; la primera innovaci&#243;n globalmente sustitutiva del trabajo humano, no en una tarea espec&#237;fica sino en un rango creciente de capacidades cognitivas &#8212;, entonces estamos ante un fen&#243;meno genuinamente sin precedentes hist&#243;ricos. </p><p>Y cuando estamos ante algo genuinamente sin precedentes, la <strong>capacidad predictiva cae a m&#237;nimos</strong>, porque no hay experiencia pasada sobre la que construir extrapolaciones fiables. Precisamente porque esta vez es distinto, nadie puede cartografiar desde dentro de la transici&#243;n el r&#233;gimen que emerger&#225; de ella. Pero la incertidumbre no es solo cuantitativa (no sabemos cu&#225;nto, ni a qu&#233; velocidad). </p><blockquote><p>Es existencial en un sentido literal que ninguna otra tecnolog&#237;a ha planteado. </p></blockquote><p>El rango de resultados posibles de la IA no va de &#8220;crecemos un poco m&#225;s&#8221; a &#8220;crecemos un poco menos&#8221;. Va de una prosperidad material sin precedentes en la historia humana a la <strong>extinci&#243;n literal de la especie. </strong>La m&#225;quina de vapor no planteaba riesgos existenciales. La electricidad tampoco. Incluso la energ&#237;a nuclear, que s&#237; los planteaba, era una tecnolog&#237;a de aplicaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica cuyo riesgo pod&#237;a acotarse geogr&#225;fica y pol&#237;ticamente. La IA es una inteligencia de prop&#243;sito general que mejora recursivamente y cuyo alineamiento con los fines humanos sigue siendo un problema abierto entre los mejores especialistas del mundo. </p><p>El Financial Times public&#243; hace meses un <strong>gr&#225;fico que ilustra esta dualidad </strong>con claridad: dos escenarios extremos &#8212;uno de estancamiento tecnol&#243;gico y otro de superinteligencia descontrolada&#8212; flanquean un escenario central de integraci&#243;n gradual y relativamente ordenada. El abanico real de posibilidades es incomparablemente m&#225;s ancho que el de cualquier innovaci&#243;n previa.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png" width="1428" height="1264" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1264,&quot;width&quot;:1428,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:731588,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189265106?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JyP4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ec39d60-3c96-4fe6-abfc-a886bbcca186_1428x1264.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fuente: Financial Times, basado en Wynne &amp; Derr (2025), Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Y aqu&#237; aparece una iron&#237;a reveladora en el art&#237;culo de Citrini. Su escenario asume impl&#237;citamente que la humanidad resuelve el problema dif&#237;cil: <strong>el problema de alineaci&#243;n.</strong> En su memo de 2028, la IA sigue mejorando, sigue siendo extraordinariamente capaz, y en ning&#250;n momento se desalinea de los fines humanos ni genera una cat&#225;strofe existencial. Sobrevivimos a la superinteligencia. Lo que no sobrevivimos, seg&#250;n &#233;l, es al ajuste del <strong>mercado hipotecario. </strong>La humanidad resuelve el desaf&#237;o sin precedentes de controlar una inteligencia general recursivamente mejorable y se ahoga con un problema que, en comparaci&#243;n, es institucional y de dise&#241;o: c&#243;mo redistribuir la renta cuando cambia el canal por el que circula. </p><p>Es epistemol&#243;gicamente temerario construir un escenario con tickers, fechas y cadenas causales precisas desde dentro de un fen&#243;meno cuyo rango de resultados incluye la extinci&#243;n humana.</p><p>Nada de esto invalida el ejercicio de Citrini como escenario. Lo que invalida es su pretensi&#243;n impl&#237;cita de descripci&#243;n probable. Lo que podemos hacer &#8212; y es lo que intentar&#225; este art&#237;culo &#8212; es <strong>identificar los mecanismos econ&#243;micos</strong> que probablemente operar&#225;n en la transici&#243;n (la competencia, el abaratamiento, la democratizaci&#243;n del acceso al capital) y los errores te&#243;ricos que impiden a Citrini verlos, sin pretender que sabemos cu&#225;ndo, a qu&#233; velocidad ni con qu&#233; forma concreta se materializar&#225;n.</p><div><hr></div><h2>El dolor de la transici&#243;n es real</h2><blockquote><p>Antes de explicar por qu&#233; el <strong>diagn&#243;stico de fondo de Citrini es err&#243;neo</strong>, conviene dejar claro lo que tiene de acertado, porque la concesi&#243;n no es ret&#243;rica sino sustantiva.</p></blockquote><p>Lo que la IA amenaza con destruir &#8212; si se desarrolla tanto como Citrini y muchos otros postulan &#8212; no es el capital humano en abstracto sino el capital humano espec&#237;fico: la destreza acumulada en tareas concretas que quedar&#237;an obsoletas. </p><p>El product manager experto en <strong>Salesforce</strong>, el analista financiero que domina modelos est&#225;ndar de valoraci&#243;n, el desarrollador junior que traduce especificaciones en c&#243;digo rutinario, el agente de seguros que monetiza la inercia del cliente, el consultor cuyo valor a&#241;adido consist&#237;a en navegar complejidades que una m&#225;quina ya no encuentra tediosas. Si la IA alcanza las capacidades que Citrini describe, la descapitalizaci&#243;n de estas cohortes podr&#237;a ser efectiva e irreversible en el horizonte de su vida laboral. No hay que minimizarlo.</p><p>Citrini narra historias concretas &#8212;la product manager de Salesforce que pasa de 180.000 d&#243;lares anuales a conducir un Uber por 45.000&#8212; y esas historias, de materializarse, ser&#237;an el arquetipo de lo que ocurre cuando una revoluci&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica descapitaliza el saber hacer espec&#237;fico de una generaci&#243;n. Los artesanos de la <strong>Revoluci&#243;n Industrial </strong>no se equivocaban al percibir que su mundo se derrumbaba, aunque la humanidad en su conjunto saliera ganando. El coste humano de la transici&#243;n no es un efecto colateral menor del progreso; es su sombra inevitable, y cualquier an&#225;lisis que lo ignore merece el reproche de frivolidad. El de Citrini no lo ignora. El m&#237;o tampoco.</p><p>Pero <strong>reconocer el dolor de la transici&#243;n</strong> no es lo mismo que aceptar el diagn&#243;stico de Citrini sobre sus causas profundas, porque ese diagn&#243;stico extrapola los s&#237;ntomas del ajuste y los presenta como si fueran la descripci&#243;n de un nuevo r&#233;gimen permanente. Y ah&#237; es donde el an&#225;lisis se tuerce.</p><blockquote><p>Esta vez s&#237; es distinto &#8212; pero no por lo que Citrini cree.</p></blockquote><p>Hay una objeci&#243;n leg&#237;tima a todo lo anterior que el propio Citrini formula y que conviene tomar en serio: <strong>esta vez es diferente.</strong> En todas las revoluciones tecnol&#243;gicas anteriores, capital y trabajo eran factores complementarios. La m&#225;quina de vapor necesitaba operarios. La electricidad necesitaba ingenieros. El ordenador necesitaba programadores. La cadena de montaje necesitaba, a otro nivel, dise&#241;adores, gestores, supervisores. </p><p>Cada innovaci&#243;n aumentaba la <strong>productividad</strong> del trabajo humano y, con ella, su remuneraci&#243;n. Los ATMs abarataron las sucursales bancarias, as&#237; que los bancos abrieron m&#225;s y contrataron m&#225;s empleados para tareas de mayor valor a&#241;adido. Internet destruy&#243; las agencias de viajes, pero cre&#243; industrias enteras &#8212;comercio electr&#243;nico, redes sociales, econom&#237;a de plataformas&#8212; que absorbieron con creces el empleo destruido. El patr&#243;n se repet&#237;a con tal regularidad que adquiri&#243; fuerza de ley natural: <strong>la tecnolog&#237;a destruye empleos y luego crea m&#225;s.</strong></p><p>Citrini se&#241;ala, con raz&#243;n, que ese patr&#243;n descansaba sobre una premisa que la IA puede estar rompiendo. Cada nuevo empleo creado por la tecnolog&#237;a requer&#237;a un humano que lo desempe&#241;ara, porque la tecnolog&#237;a solo era capaz de ejecutar tareas espec&#237;ficas y acotadas: <strong>el capital complementaba al trabajo.</strong> </p><p>La <strong>IA</strong>, por primera vez, es una tecnolog&#237;a de prop&#243;sito general que mejora precisamente en las tareas a las que se redirigir&#237;an los trabajadores desplazados. No es una m&#225;quina que automatiza una tarea y libera al humano para otra; es una <strong>inteligencia general</strong> que compite con el humano en un rango creciente de tareas cognitivas y que mejora en esas tareas m&#225;s r&#225;pido de lo que el humano puede reciclarse. La relaci&#243;n entre capital y trabajo podr&#237;a estar dejando de ser complementaria para volverse sustitutiva. Eso es genuinamente nuevo, genuinamente disruptivo, y minimizarlo ser&#237;a un error tan grave como el catastrofismo de Citrini pero en direcci&#243;n contraria.</p><blockquote><p>Ahora bien: que capital y trabajo se vuelvan sustitutivos no implica lo que Citrini concluye. Y aqu&#237; est&#225; el giro decisivo que su an&#225;lisis no realiza. </p></blockquote><p>El capital no es un ente aut&#243;nomo que opera por s&#237; mismo. </p><p><strong>El capital es propiedad de alguien. </strong></p><p>Y ser propietario de capital no es una relaci&#243;n pasiva de mera titularidad jur&#237;dica: es el ejercicio continuo de <strong>tres funciones </strong>que pueden delegarse parcialmente en la m&#225;quina pero nunca en su totalidad mientras exista una relaci&#243;n de propiedad entre un sujeto humano y un objeto productivo.</p><p><strong>La primera es la espera: </strong>todo proceso productivo requiere que alguien sostenga financieramente el intervalo entre la inversi&#243;n inicial y el resultado final, renunciando a los usos alternativos de esos recursos durante ese per&#237;odo. La IA puede optimizar la secuencia de un proyecto, pero no puede ser ella quien renuncia a los usos alternativos de un capital que no posee. La espera recae sobre quien posee los recursos, y ese alguien es, en una econom&#237;a humana, un ser humano.</p><p><strong>La segunda es la absorci&#243;n de incertidumbre: </strong>alguien debe comprometer su patrimonio en un proyecto cuyo resultado no est&#225; garantizado, y solo quien tiene algo que perder puede genuinamente absorber esa incertidumbre. La IA puede afinar predicciones, modelar escenarios y reducir la incertidumbre residual, pero no puede ir a la quiebra; transfiere &#237;ntegramente la incertidumbre irreductible a quien la posee.</p><p><strong>La tercera es el juicio empresarial: </strong>la selecci&#243;n, entre cursos de acci&#243;n alternativos, del que el agente considera m&#225;s valioso, asumiendo las consecuencias de esa elecci&#243;n. Aqu&#237; conviene distinguir entre juicio original y juicio derivado. La IA puede ejercer juicio derivado: puede seleccionar entre opciones dentro de un marco de criterios que alguien le ha definido, y lo har&#225; con una eficacia creciente. Lo que no puede ejercer &#8212; mientras sea un instrumento al servicio de un ser humano y no un agente aut&#243;nomo &#8212; es <strong>juicio original:</strong> la determinaci&#243;n &#250;ltima de lo que vale la pena intentar frente a lo que no, la decisi&#243;n de comprometerse o retirarse cuando la informaci&#243;n es radicalmente incompleta y las consecuencias recaen sobre un patrimonio real. La relaci&#243;n entre ambos tipos de juicio no es necesariamente secuencial &#8212; no es que primero el humano fije los fines y despu&#233;s la IA opere dentro de ellos. Puede ocurrir que la IA genere m&#250;ltiples propuestas derivadas, explore alternativas que el humano no habr&#237;a concebido, y las presente como opciones. Pero la <strong>elecci&#243;n final </strong>entre esas opciones &#8212; la validaci&#243;n a posteriori de cu&#225;l merece el compromiso de recursos reales &#8212; es siempre juicio original, porque recae sobre quien asume las consecuencias. Y esa determinaci&#243;n no es un acto de procesamiento de informaci&#243;n &#8212; es un acto de agencia que requiere un sujeto con fines propios y un patrimonio que responde por la decisi&#243;n. Mientras la IA sea instrumento y no sujeto, el juicio original permanece en manos humanas.</p><blockquote><p>Capital, en suma, no es una cosa. Capital es espera, riesgo y juicio empresarial materializados en medios de producci&#243;n. </p></blockquote><p>Si el capital sigue siendo propiedad humana &#8212;y en una econom&#237;a humana, donde la IA opera como instrumento y no como agente aut&#243;nomo, lo es por definici&#243;n&#8212;, entonces el ser humano sigue suministrando los factores productivos que la <strong>IA no puede sustituir por completo. </strong></p><blockquote><p>La relaci&#243;n capital-trabajo se rompe; la relaci&#243;n capital-propietario humano no. </p></blockquote><p>Y mientras esa relaci&#243;n persista, el ser humano sigue siendo parte irreductible del proceso productivo &#8212; no como ejecutor de tareas (ah&#237; la IA gana) sino como agente que espera, arriesga y dirige.</p><p>Cabr&#237;a imaginar un escenario en que <strong>la IA deviniera agente aut&#243;nomo</strong>: con fines propios, patrimonio propio y capacidad de asumir consecuencias por cuenta propia. En ese caso, la relaci&#243;n capital-propietario humano s&#237; se romper&#237;a &#8212; pero ya no estar&#237;amos describiendo una econom&#237;a humana sino algo cualitativamente diferente que requerir&#237;a un an&#225;lisis propio. Citrini no plantea ese escenario (de hecho, como hemos visto, lo excluye impl&#237;citamente al asumir que el problema de alineaci&#243;n est&#225; resuelto), y nosotros tampoco lo necesitamos para este argumento.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eecp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0c37aab-61a9-45d0-860e-27f5c41847c5_1514x1284.png" width="1456" height="1235" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>El mito del <em>Ghost</em> GDP: por d&#243;nde circula realmente la renta</h3><p>El argumento del &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221; &#8212;output que aparece en las cuentas nacionales pero nunca llega a los bolsillos de nadie&#8212; es la versi&#243;n contempor&#225;nea de la teor&#237;a del subconsumo, que sostiene que una econom&#237;a puede generar m&#225;s output del que es capaz de absorber en forma de demanda efectiva. </p><p>La formulaci&#243;n es intuitivamente atractiva &#8212;las m&#225;quinas no compran prote&#237;nas ni pagan hipotecas&#8212; pero incurre en el mismo error que Jean-Baptiste Say<strong> </strong>identific&#243; hace m&#225;s de doscientos a&#241;os y que los economistas austriacos desarrollaron despu&#233;s con mayor precisi&#243;n: <strong>la producci&#243;n no destruye demanda, la crea.</strong></p><blockquote><p>El principio merece explicaci&#243;n, porque es contraintuitivo y porque malentenderlo es lo que conduce a conclusiones como las de Citrini. </p></blockquote><p>La idea de Say no es que &#8220;todo lo que se produce se vende&#8221; (esa es una caricatura que ni el propio Say sostuvo). Es algo m&#225;s profundo: en una econom&#237;a monetaria, nadie produce para acumular bienes sin fin; <strong>se produce para intercambiar</strong>, y el acto mismo de producir genera la renta con la que se demanda lo producido por otros.</p><p><strong>Cuando un agricultor</strong> cosecha trigo, su cosecha no es solo oferta: es tambi&#233;n su medio para demandar los zapatos del zapatero, que a su vez usar&#225; la renta recibida para demandar la madera del carpintero. La producci&#243;n de cada uno es la fuente de su demanda. La renta agregada de la econom&#237;a no puede ser inferior al output agregado, porque son la misma cosa vista desde lados opuestos de cada transacci&#243;n.</p><blockquote><p>&#191;Qu&#233; ocurre cuando la IA produce lo que antes produc&#237;a un trabajador? </p></blockquote><p>La producci&#243;n sigue existiendo &#8212; y con ella la renta que genera. Solo que esa renta ya no llega al trabajador en forma de salario; llega al propietario de la IA en forma de beneficio, que este gasta, invierte o ahorra (y el ahorro es inversi&#243;n en el sistema bancario: se presta a quien s&#237; lo gasta o lo invierte). El output no ha desaparecido; el canal de distribuci&#243;n ha cambiado. Citrini observa que el canal antiguo (la n&#243;mina) se seca y concluye que la demanda se evapora. </p><p><strong>Pero la demanda no se evapora: fluye por otro canal.</strong></p><p><strong>Un ejemplo concreto.</strong> </p><p>Supongamos que una empresa de software sustituye a diez analistas por un sistema de IA. Los diez analistas dejan de percibir sus salarios &#8212; eso es el dolor que Citrini describe, y es real. Pero la empresa no ha destruido el output que esos analistas generaban; lo ha replicado a menor coste. La diferencia entre el coste anterior (los salarios) y el coste nuevo (la suscripci&#243;n a la IA) es ahorro que se convierte en una de tres cosas: beneficio distribuido a los accionistas (que lo gastan o lo invierten), reinversi&#243;n en nuevos proyectos (que genera nueva actividad econ&#243;mica), o reducci&#243;n de precios al cliente (que libera renta disponible para otros fines). En ninguno de los tres casos la renta desaparece. <strong>Se redistribuye.</strong></p><p>Citrini podr&#237;a responder que este razonamiento ignora la escala: si la sustituci&#243;n no afecta a una empresa sino a millones, el volumen de renta que cambia de canal puede ser tan grande y tan r&#225;pido que el sistema no absorbe la redistribuci&#243;n a tiempo. Es una objeci&#243;n seria, y merece tomarse en serio. Concedamos, pues, la din&#225;mica de sustituci&#243;n en toda su extensi&#243;n. Siempre que la relaci&#243;n productividad-coste de un agente de IA sea superior a la de un trabajador humano en una tarea dada, la empresa tendr&#225; incentivos para captar capital y reemplazarlo. Ese proceso no tiene por qu&#233; detenerse, y probablemente no lo har&#225;. Citrini tiene raz&#243;n en el mecanismo. <strong>Donde se equivoca es en el destino del ahorro.</strong></p><p>Su narrativa asume que el excedente generado por la sustituci&#243;n queda atrapado dentro de las empresas que lo ejecutan, alimentando un circuito cerrado de reinversi&#243;n en m&#225;s IA que genera m&#225;s sustituci&#243;n. </p><blockquote><p>Es el &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221;. La imagen es poderosa, pero omite el mecanismo m&#225;s b&#225;sico y m&#225;s potente de la econom&#237;a de mercado: la competencia.</p></blockquote><p>Cuando una empresa sustituye trabajo por IA y obtiene un margen extraordinario, ese margen es una se&#241;al de beneficio que atrae competidores &#8212; tanto rivales que ejecutan la misma sustituci&#243;n como nuevos entrantes que, precisamente porque la IA es barata, pueden replicar la operaci&#243;n con <strong>costes de entrada m&#237;nimos.</strong> </p><p>El propio Citrini documenta este proceso con una precisi&#243;n que contradice su propia tesis: describe c&#243;mo decenas de competidores <em><strong>&#8220;vibe-coded&#8221;</strong></em> fragmentaron DoorDash en semanas, c&#243;mo la diferenciaci&#243;n en SaaS colaps&#243; porque la IA igual&#243; las capacidades de desarrollo, c&#243;mo los incumbentes entraron en una &#8220;knife-fight&#8221; de precios con retadores sin estructura de costes heredada. Lo que est&#225; describiendo, sin reconocerlo, es la competencia erosionando el margen de la sustituci&#243;n y transfiri&#233;ndolo hacia abajo, al precio que paga el consumidor.</p><p>El excedente generado por la IA tender&#225; a no quedarse en la empresa. Circular&#225;, pero no por el canal que Citrini busca (la n&#243;mina), sino por otro que sistem&#225;ticamente ignora: <strong>el abaratamiento.</strong> Cada ronda de sustituci&#243;n competitiva tiende a reducir el precio del bien o servicio afectado. </p><p>Cuando el SaaS que costaba 500 d&#243;lares anuales pasa a costar 50 &#8212;o cero&#8212;, esos 450 d&#243;lares no han desaparecido de la econom&#237;a: son excedente del consumidor que queda libre para gastarse en otra cosa, o excedente del inversor que queda libre para destinarse a otro proyecto. Multiplicado por millones de transacciones, en centenares de sectores simult&#225;neamente, el efecto probable es una <strong>expansi&#243;n masiva del poder adquisitivo real</strong> que no aparece como ingreso salarial en ninguna n&#243;mina pero que opera exactamente como renta disponible para quien lo recibe. </p><blockquote><p>El GDP de Citrini no es fantasma: circula por un canal que &#233;l no est&#225; mirando porque sigue buscando la renta en el recibo de la n&#243;mina.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Citrini, adem&#225;s, necesita exagerar </strong>la concentraci&#243;n del gasto para que la cadena de contagio desde el empleo white-collar al colapso de consumo resulte lo m&#225;s dram&#225;tica posible. Y su uso de los datos lo refleja. Afirma que el 10% m&#225;s rico genera m&#225;s del 50% de todo el gasto de consumo en Estados Unidos, y que el 20% superior genera el 65%. La cifra procede de un an&#225;lisis de Moody&#8217;s Analytics que ha sido cuestionada por economistas como Antoine Levy, de UC Berkeley, que se&#241;ala que la metodolog&#237;a imputa consumo a partir de datos de la Reserva Federal que no miden consumo directamente; los datos del Bureau of Economic Analysis, que s&#237; lo miden, sit&#250;an la cifra m&#225;s cerca del 35%. </p><p>La diferencia es significativa, pero <strong>lo revelador</strong> no es tanto el n&#250;mero exacto como la selecci&#243;n: entre las estimaciones disponibles, Citrini escoge sistem&#225;ticamente la que produce el escenario m&#225;s alarmante.</p><p>Y la <strong>teor&#237;a del subconsumo</strong> tiene un defecto a&#250;n m&#225;s profundo: asume impl&#237;citamente que el horizonte de necesidades humanas es fijo, que una vez satisfechas las necesidades existentes el excedente no encuentra destino productivo.</p><p>La historia econ&#243;mica desmiente sistem&#225;ticamente esa premisa. Las necesidades humanas no son un conjunto est&#225;tico que la producci&#243;n se limita a satisfacer; son, en parte, un producto end&#243;geno del propio proceso productivo. Cada ampliaci&#243;n cualitativa de las posibilidades de producci&#243;n reconfigura el horizonte de fines que el ser humano es capaz de <strong>imaginar y desear.</strong> La imprenta no solo abarat&#243; los libros existentes: engendr&#243; la novela moderna, la prensa, la divulgaci&#243;n cient&#237;fica &#8212;formas culturales que no exist&#237;an antes y que generaron necesidades enteramente nuevas. La electricidad no solo ilumin&#243; lo que ya hab&#237;a: hizo concebible lo que sin ella era impensable. </p><blockquote><p>La IA, que representa por hip&#243;tesis la mayor ampliaci&#243;n cualitativa de las posibilidades productivas en la historia humana, no deber&#237;a contraer el espacio de necesidades insatisfechas sino <strong>expandirlo radicalmente. </strong></p><p>El &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221; de Citrini es una ilusi&#243;n producida por mirar solo los empleos que desaparecen y no los fines que a&#250;n no han sido concebidos.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png" width="1452" height="1080" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1080,&quot;width&quot;:1452,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:160034,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189265106?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3_zB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc7a1f85-b2c9-4a25-b4c3-560f0b0b8df7_1452x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>La IA como gran nivelador: </h2><h3>El tr&#225;nsito de trabajador a capitalista</h3><p>El abaratamiento tiene un segundo efecto, quiz&#225; m&#225;s importante que el primero, y que conecta directamente con la cuesti&#243;n de si la din&#225;mica de sustituci&#243;n equivale a un colapso de la demanda agregada. </p><p>Cada reducci&#243;n de precios en los inputs que requiere una actividad productiva reduce el umbral de capital necesario para emprenderla &#8212;y la reducci&#243;n m&#225;s dr&#225;stica se da precisamente en el input que hist&#243;ricamente ha constituido la barrera de entrada m&#225;s alta: <strong>el capital humano, el componente intelectual y formativo de cualquier actividad.</strong></p><p>Consideremos lo que significa concretamente. El contratista de reformas que antes necesitaba 200.000 d&#243;lares para montar una operaci&#243;n competitiva &#8212;entre software de gesti&#243;n, dise&#241;o, contabilidad, an&#225;lisis de permisos y planificaci&#243;n de obra&#8212; ahora necesita una fracci&#243;n de eso, porque la IA ha colapsado el coste de todo el componente intelectual de su negocio. El <strong>asesor financiero independiente</strong> que antes requer&#237;a un terminal <strong>Bloomberg</strong>, un equipo de analistas y una licencia de software institucional ahora puede ofrecer an&#225;lisis de cartera con calidad comparable por unos pocos d&#243;lares al mes. El peque&#241;o empresario hostelero que antes subcontrataba contabilidad, marketing y gesti&#243;n de proveedores a tres empresas distintas ahora integra todo eso en una herramienta que cuesta menos que una cena.</p><blockquote><p>En cada caso, el tr&#225;nsito es el mismo: de necesitar un departamento para competir a poder hacerlo con criterio propio y una suscripci&#243;n.</p></blockquote><p>Y el efecto no se detiene en los costes directamente intelectuales, porque pr&#225;cticamente todo input en una econom&#237;a moderna incorpora un componente intelectual en su cadena de producci&#243;n &#8212;dise&#241;o, log&#237;stica, gesti&#243;n de inventario, optimizaci&#243;n de procesos, certificaci&#243;n regulatoria&#8212;, de modo que el <strong>abaratamiento de la inteligencia se propaga</strong> indirectamente al coste de inputs que no son intelectuales en s&#237; mismos. El material de construcci&#243;n no lo fabrica una IA, pero su precio refleja el coste de la cadena completa que lo dise&#241;a, lo especifica, lo transporta y lo certifica, y esa cadena tiende a abaratarse en cada eslab&#243;n que la IA toca. El <strong>efecto cascada</strong> reduce el umbral de entrada a la actividad empresarial por v&#237;as que exceden con mucho la mera sustituci&#243;n de trabajo de oficina.</p><blockquote><p>La IA, en este sentido, opera como el gran nivelador de la actividad empresarial. </p></blockquote><p>No solo abarata los bienes de consumo, sino que &#8212;y esto es lo decisivo&#8212; <strong>abarata los costes de entrada</strong> al proceso productivo mismo, especialmente aquellos que depend&#237;an de formaci&#243;n especializada, acceso a informaci&#243;n cara o capacidad anal&#237;tica que solo las grandes corporaciones pod&#237;an financiar. Eso no es destrucci&#243;n de capacidad productiva; es su <strong>democratizaci&#243;n a una escala sin precedentes.</strong></p><p>Y aqu&#237; se cierra el argumento que vertebra toda esta r&#233;plica. </p><p>Si capital y trabajo se vuelven sustitutivos, la pregunta relevante no es si los trabajadores desplazados encontrar&#225;n nuevos empleos como trabajadores (quiz&#225; muchos no), sino si el <strong>umbral </strong>para participar en la econom&#237;a como propietarios de capital &#8212;como agentes que esperan, arriesgan y juzgan a trav&#233;s de la IA&#8212; baja lo suficiente como para absorber a una proporci&#243;n significativa de quienes pierden su posici&#243;n como trabajadores. </p><p>Y la respuesta, en una econom&#237;a donde la inteligencia como input se universaliza y donde el efecto cascada abarata todo lo que la inteligencia toca, es que ese umbral <strong>puede caer como nunca antes en la historia. </strong></p><p>No se necesita un t&#237;tulo universitario ni un departamento corporativo para comprometer recursos propios en un proyecto incierto, sostener la espera de su maduraci&#243;n y seleccionar entre los cursos de acci&#243;n que la IA pone a disposici&#243;n. </p><p>Se necesita disposici&#243;n a absorber espera y riesgo &#8212;<strong>actitudes distribuibles, no monopolizables</strong>&#8212;, y la IA, al colapsar el coste de todo lo dem&#225;s, hace que esas actitudes sean lo &#250;nico verdaderamente necesario. </p><blockquote><p>Es lo que podr&#237;amos llamar el <strong>efecto de habilitaci&#243;n empresarial de la IA:</strong> no solo abarata el consumo, sino que abarata el producir &#8212; y con ello ampl&#237;a el n&#250;mero de personas que pueden participar en la econom&#237;a como propietarios de capital.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png" width="1296" height="1632" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6eO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe83cfb66-4055-45cf-803d-34c32ca0adea_1296x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>La transici&#243;n productiva: un saldo indeterminado</h2><p>Este efecto de habilitaci&#243;n es real, pero su efecto sobre las cohortes concretas que sufren la disrupci&#243;n no est&#225; predeterminado. </p><p>La <strong>product manager de Salesforce</strong> que pierde su empleo de 180.000 d&#243;lares opera simult&#225;neamente en dos fuerzas de signo contrario. Por un lado, sufre la descapitalizaci&#243;n de su saber hacer espec&#237;fico: las tareas que dominaba ya no valen lo que val&#237;an, y su renta salarial cae o desaparece. Por otro lado, vive en una econom&#237;a donde los costes de <strong>emprender</strong> se han desplomado, donde las herramientas de IA le proporcionan capacidad anal&#237;tica, de desarrollo, de marketing y de gesti&#243;n que hace cinco a&#241;os habr&#237;a requerido un equipo de diez personas, y donde su conocimiento del sector y su red de contactos le dan un punto de partida que no cualquiera tiene. </p><blockquote><p>&#191;Cu&#225;l de las dos fuerzas domina? No lo sabemos. </p></blockquote><p>Es genuinamente indeterminado, y depende de variables que no pueden resolverse te&#243;ricamente: su situaci&#243;n financiera personal, su disposici&#243;n al riesgo, la velocidad con que la econom&#237;a genere nuevas oportunidades empresariales, la calidad de la respuesta institucional.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png" width="1456" height="1289" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n_nl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F649ac986-b2dc-43cc-a9de-259c4516b617_1486x1316.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Lo que s&#237; podemos afirmar</strong> es que la indeterminaci&#243;n se resuelve de forma distinta seg&#250;n el horizonte temporal. Para quien est&#225; en medio de la disrupci&#243;n, con una hipoteca que pagar y unos ahorros que se agotan, la fuerza de la descapitalizaci&#243;n puede dominar sobre la fuerza de la habilitaci&#243;n durante meses o a&#241;os. El dolor es real y no hay argumento te&#243;rico que lo alivie. </p><p>Pero para <strong>la generaci&#243;n que viene</strong> despu&#233;s &#8212;la que crece en un entorno donde las herramientas que antes requer&#237;an departamentos enteros est&#225;n al alcance de cualquiera&#8212;, el tr&#225;nsito de trabajador a capitalista no es un ideal lejano sino una posibilidad cotidiana. Del mismo modo que hoy cualquier persona con un smartphone puede publicar contenido que hace treinta a&#241;os requer&#237;a una imprenta o una emisora, ma&#241;ana cualquier persona con IA podr&#237;a emprender proyectos que hoy requieren estructuras corporativas. El umbral baja, y con &#233;l la barrera que separaba a quienes vend&#237;an su trabajo de quienes produc&#237;an a trav&#233;s de su capital.</p><p><strong>El saldo neto de estas dos fuerzas</strong> &#8212;descapitalizaci&#243;n del trabajo espec&#237;fico y habilitaci&#243;n del capital empresarial&#8212; determinar&#225; la experiencia real de la transici&#243;n para cada individuo, cada cohorte y cada regi&#243;n. No es un saldo que pueda resolverse a priori ni en la direcci&#243;n catastrofista de Citrini ni en la optimista. </p><p>Lo que s&#237; puede afirmarse es que la fuerza de habilitaci&#243;n existe, que es poderosa, que se intensifica con cada reducci&#243;n en el coste de la IA, y que <strong>Citrini la ignora por completo.</strong> Su an&#225;lisis solo contabiliza la descapitalizaci&#243;n y extrapola desde ah&#237; el colapso sist&#233;mico. Es como calcular las p&#233;rdidas de un incendio sin contabilizar la reconstrucci&#243;n.</p><div><hr></div><h2>La transici&#243;n financiera</h2><p>El tramo m&#225;s elaborado del art&#237;culo de Citrini &#8212;y el m&#225;s eficaz como pieza narrativa&#8212; es la cadena de contagio financiero: la <strong>sustituci&#243;n laboral</strong> deteriora las rentas salariales, lo que amenaza el servicio de la deuda hipotecaria y la deuda de empresas cuyos modelos de negocio la IA ha dejado obsoletos, lo que fragiliza a los bancos y a las aseguradoras de vida que financian el private credit, lo que endurece las condiciones crediticias, lo que deprime a&#250;n m&#225;s el consumo, lo que acelera la espiral.</p><p><strong>El relato es cinematogr&#225;fico:</strong> Zendesk como smoking gun, Athene como eslab&#243;n sist&#233;mico, las hipotecas prime de San Francisco como &#250;ltima ficha del domin&#243;. Hay que reconocer que, como ejercicio de escenario, es inteligente.</p><p>Y no conviene despacharlo con un optimismo que el argumento no justifica. Si aceptamos que la transici&#243;n productiva puede ser <strong>desordenada</strong> &#8212;y la aceptamos, porque la historia de toda revoluci&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica lo confirma&#8212;, la transici&#243;n financiera lo ser&#225; probablemente tambi&#233;n, y posiblemente con m&#225;s violencia. </p><p>El sistema financiero no es otra cosa que la cristalizaci&#243;n contractual de expectativas sobre flujos futuros de renta. Una hipoteca a treinta a&#241;os firmada en 2024 incorpora la expectativa de que el deudor mantendr&#225; una renta salarial estable durante tres d&#233;cadas. Un pr&#233;stamo apalancado contra el <strong>ARR de una empresa SaaS</strong> incorpora la expectativa de que esos ingresos recurrentes seguir&#225;n recurriendo. La deuda de cualquier empresa cuyo modelo de negocio descansa sobre la intermediaci&#243;n de fricciones humanas &#8212;y Citrini documenta muchas&#8212; incorpora la expectativa de que esas fricciones persistir&#225;n. </p><blockquote><p>Cuando la IA invalida esas expectativas, los contratos entran en tensi&#243;n. </p></blockquote><p>Y los contratos de cr&#233;dito son, por dise&#241;o, r&#237;gidos: se negocian a plazos de d&#233;cadas, con t&#233;rminos fijos, y no se reestructuran sin un evento crediticio. Que es exactamente lo que Citrini describe.</p><p>Tambi&#233;n es cierto que la evoluci&#243;n de los colaterales del sistema ser&#225; ambigua. Hay razones para pensar que los activos complementarios de la IA y relativamente escasos <strong>&#8212;tierra urbana bien ubicada, infraestructura f&#237;sica cr&#237;tica, ciertos inmuebles&#8212; tender&#237;an a revalorizarse</strong> en t&#233;rminos reales a medida que todo lo replicable se abarate. </p><p>Pero simult&#225;neamente habr&#237;a activos que perdiesen su funci&#243;n productiva por completo: oficinas dise&#241;adas para plantillas que ya no existen, infraestructura comercial vinculada a modelos de intermediaci&#243;n que la IA ha desmontado, instalaciones especializadas en procesos que dejan de ser necesarios. El efecto neto sobre los colaterales no es un&#237;vocamente positivo ni negativo; depende de la composici&#243;n de cada balance, de cada cartera, de cada zona geogr&#225;fica.</p><p>Que haya disrupciones crediticias significativas, impagos en segmentos concretos de private credit, quiebras de empresas cuyo <strong>modelo de negocio la IA ha dejado obsoleto y cuya deuda</strong> se firm&#243; bajo supuestos de ingresos que ya no existen, deterioro en hipotecas vinculadas a las cohortes m&#225;s afectadas por la sustituci&#243;n, e incluso episodios de estr&#233;s sist&#233;mico que obliguen a intervenciones extraordinarias de la Reserva Federal y de los reguladores &#8212; todo eso es no solo posible sino probable si la velocidad de la transici&#243;n productiva se acerca a lo que Citrini describe.</p><blockquote><p>Lo que no se sigue es que esas disrupciones financieras constituyan evidencia de un colapso estructural permanente de la demanda agregada. </p></blockquote><p>Son evidencia de que los contratos financieros heredados del r&#233;gimen productivo anterior necesitan <em><strong>repricing</strong></em> &#8212; tanto los que apostaban por la continuidad de rentas salariales estables como los que apostaban por la continuidad de modelos de negocio que la IA est&#225; desmontando. Un <em>repricing</em> que ser&#225; doloroso, desordenado y costoso para quienes est&#225;n en el lado equivocado, pero que es, en &#250;ltima instancia, el mecanismo por el que el sistema financiero se ajusta a una nueva realidad productiva.</p><blockquote><p>La transici&#243;n financiera ser&#237;a, en suma, un reflejo de la transici&#243;n productiva: previsiblemente tan desordenada como esta y tan costosa como esta. </p></blockquote><p>Pero son efectos de reestructuraci&#243;n entre dos reg&#237;menes, no el estado estacionario del r&#233;gimen nuevo. Los impagos y las quiebras que Citrini describe no son s&#237;ntomas de una econom&#237;a que ha dejado de funcionar; son el coste de un sistema financiero que se <strong>recalibra</strong> desde los supuestos del r&#233;gimen que se extingue hacia los del r&#233;gimen que emerge. </p><p>Confundir ese coste con el destino permanente de la econom&#237;a es, una vez m&#225;s, el <strong>error subconsumista: </strong>tomar una fotograf&#237;a del desajuste transitorio y proyectarla como si fuera el equilibrio final.</p><div><hr></div><h2>La reacci&#243;n del Estado: otra omisi&#243;n de Citrini</h2><p>Citrini pretende escribir un informe realista sobre lo que sucede cuando la IA disrumpe la econom&#237;a americana. </p><blockquote><p>Pero su an&#225;lisis omite la reacci&#243;n del agente m&#225;s grande y m&#225;s poderoso de esa econom&#237;a: <strong>el Estado. </strong></p></blockquote><p>Y la omisi&#243;n no es menor, porque la respuesta estatal no es una variable ex&#243;gena que pueda incluirse o no a voluntad del analista; es una consecuencia end&#243;gena de los mismos incentivos que Citrini describe. Cuando millones de votantes pierden su empleo y el sistema financiero entra en estr&#233;s, los gobiernos no se quedan mirando.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Act&#250;an </strong>&#8212; no necesariamente bien, no necesariamente a tiempo, pero act&#250;an. Obviar esa reacci&#243;n no es rigor anal&#237;tico; es parcialidad.</p></blockquote><p>Lo que sigue no es una prescripci&#243;n sobre lo que el Estado deber&#237;a hacer, sino una descripci&#243;n de lo que previsiblemente har&#225;, impulsado por los incentivos pol&#237;ticos que la propia disrupci&#243;n genera. </p><p>Consideremos<strong> las tres dimensiones m&#225;s previsibles </strong>de esa respuesta.</p><p><strong>La primera es fiscal. </strong>Citrini presenta la erosi&#243;n de la base impositiva &#8212; los ingresos federales caen porque gravan n&#243;minas y las n&#243;minas se secan &#8212; como si fuera un callej&#243;n sin salida. Pero los estados no son recaudadores pasivos que observan c&#243;mo desaparece su base imponible sin reaccionar. Si la renta migra del trabajo al capital &#8212; si el excedente de la productividad de la IA fluye hacia los propietarios de la infraestructura, hacia los accionistas de las empresas que la adoptan, hacia los beneficios corporativos y las ganancias de capital &#8212;, el Estado tender&#225; a desplazar su presi&#243;n fiscal en la misma direcci&#243;n. No porque sea deseable (hay argumentos s&#243;lidos contra la fiscalidad del capital), sino porque es lo que los incentivos pol&#237;ticos garantizan: un Estado que necesita recaudar y que ve d&#243;nde est&#225; la renta gravar&#225; esa renta. La historia fiscal de los &#250;ltimos dos siglos es una sucesi&#243;n de adaptaciones de la base imponible a la estructura productiva de cada &#233;poca. No hay raz&#243;n para suponer que esta vez ser&#225; distinto. El saldo fiscal del Estado no tiene por qu&#233; deteriorarse como Citrini describe; <strong>tender&#225; a reconfigurarse</strong>, con las distorsiones y costes que toda reconfiguraci&#243;n fiscal conlleva, pero tender&#225; a reconfigurarse.</p><p><strong>La segunda es redistributiva. </strong>Los perdedores de la transici&#243;n &#8212; las cohortes cuyo capital humano espec&#237;fico se descapitaliza &#8212; constituyen un bloque electoral enorme, concentrado en los segmentos de renta media-alta que m&#225;s participan en el proceso pol&#237;tico. La <strong>presi&#243;n para compensarlos</strong> mediante transferencias directas, programas de reciclaje, subsidios al empleo o mecanismos de renta garantizada ser&#225; previsiblemente inmensa, y los gobiernos &#8212; por convicci&#243;n, por c&#225;lculo electoral o por simple miedo al desorden social &#8212; tender&#225;n a responder a esa presi&#243;n. El propio Citrini lo reconoce impl&#237;citamente cuando describe propuestas como el &#8220;Transition Economy Act&#8221; o el &#8220;Shared AI Prosperity Act&#8221; en su escenario; lo que no hace es incorporar el efecto de esas intervenciones en su cadena causal. Las menciona como parte del paisaje pol&#237;tico y las descarta como insuficientes o tard&#237;as, sin modelar su impacto amortiguador sobre la din&#225;mica de consumo que &#233;l mismo describe como catastr&#243;fica. Que la compensaci&#243;n sea imperfecta, tard&#237;a y pol&#237;ticamente conflictiva es probable. Que sea inexistente es implausible.</p><p><strong>La tercera es financiera. </strong>La implosi&#243;n del cr&#233;dito privado y del mercado hipotecario que Citrini describe con tanto detalle se producir&#237;a &#8212; si se produce &#8212; frente a una Reserva Federal y un Tesoro que disponen de herramientas probadas para intervenir exactamente en ese tipo de crisis. La compra de MBS, la provisi&#243;n de liquidez de emergencia, la facilitaci&#243;n de programas de forbearance y refinanciaci&#243;n, el respaldo expl&#237;cito o impl&#237;cito a instituciones sist&#233;micas &#8212; todo eso fue <strong>desplegado en 2008 y en 2020</strong> con resultados que, cualesquiera que sean sus costes a largo plazo, evitaron la cascada de impagos que Citrini da por inevitable. &#191;Generar&#225; ese tipo de intervenci&#243;n distorsiones, <strong>riesgo moral</strong> y costes futuros? Sin duda. Pero el analista que pretende describir lo que sucede no puede construir su escenario asumiendo que el banco central observar&#225; impasible el colapso del mercado hipotecario sin mover una mano. No es lo que ha hecho nunca. No es lo que previsiblemente har&#225; esta vez.</p><p>Ninguna de estas observaciones es prescriptiva. No estoy argumentando que la intervenci&#243;n estatal sea deseable, ni que sus efectos vayan a ser benignos, ni que no genere sus propias distorsiones y problemas. </p><blockquote><p>Estoy argumentando algo m&#225;s simple: que es predecible. </p></blockquote><p>Y que un an&#225;lisis que pretende modelar las consecuencias macroecon&#243;micas de la disrupci&#243;n de la IA sin incorporar la reacci&#243;n end&#243;gena del agente que gasta entre el 40% y el 60% del PIB seg&#250;n el pa&#237;s, que controla la pol&#237;tica monetaria, que tiene en sus manos la regulaci&#243;n y que responde directamente a los incentivos pol&#237;ticos generados por la propia disrupci&#243;n no es un an&#225;lisis incompleto &#8212; <strong>es un an&#225;lisis sesgado en la direcci&#243;n de su conclusi&#243;n.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUVG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17984929-ccc8-4b65-9fbf-c2034c8cdf64_1526x1360.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>Conclusi&#243;n</h2><p>Citrini termina su art&#237;culo con una advertencia: <em><strong>&#8220;the canary is still alive.&#8221; </strong></em></p><blockquote><p>Lo dice como un llamado a actuar antes de que sea tarde. Comparto la urgencia, pero no el diagn&#243;stico que la motiva.</p></blockquote><p>El canario que hay que vigilar no es el que Citrini describe. Su canario &#8212; el colapso de la demanda agregada por la sustituci&#243;n del trabajo &#8212; presupone que la econom&#237;a solo sabe generar demanda por un canal (la n&#243;mina), que el ser humano solo sabe participar en la producci&#243;n de una forma (como trabajador), y que las instituciones solo saben operar bajo un r&#233;gimen (el heredado). Ninguna de esas tres premisas sobrevive al escrutinio.</p><p><strong>El canario real es otro. </strong>Es la velocidad de la transici&#243;n frente a la capacidad de adaptaci&#243;n de las personas concretas que la sufren: &#191;cu&#225;ntas cohortes quedar&#225;n atrapadas entre un r&#233;gimen que se extingue y otro que no acaba de consolidarse, y durante cu&#225;nto tiempo? Es la respuesta pol&#237;tica a esa velocidad: &#191;ser&#225; lo bastante &#225;gil para facilitar el tr&#225;nsito sin ser lo bastante torpe para obstaculizar el proceso de creaci&#243;n de riqueza que lo hace posible? </p><blockquote><p>Y es, por encima de todo, la cuesti&#243;n que precede a todas las dem&#225;s y que Citrini da por resuelta sin siquiera plantearla: &#191;mantendremos a la IA como instrumento humano, o permitiremos &#8212; por negligencia, por prisa o por incapacidad &#8212; que termine control&#225;ndonos a nosotros?</p></blockquote><p>Si la IA permanece como instrumento, la econom&#237;a tender&#225; a ajustarse. El ajuste ser&#225; doloroso para algunos, pol&#237;ticamente conflictivo y &#233;ticamente exigente, aunque el <strong>saldo neto puede ser positivo </strong>incluso durante la transici&#243;n. </p><p>Pero la direcci&#243;n probable es hacia un <strong>r&#233;gimen m&#225;s productivo</strong>, con un espacio de creaci&#243;n de valor m&#225;s amplio y un acceso al proceso productivo m&#225;s democr&#225;tico que el actual. Si la IA deja de ser instrumento, ninguno de estos argumentos importa &#8212; ni los de Citrini ni los m&#237;os.</p><p><strong>El canario sigue vivo.</strong> Lo que amenaza con matarlo no es que la IA produzca demasiado. Es que confundamos la transici&#243;n con el destino y, creyendo que el colapso es inevitable, tengamos una visi&#243;n parcial e incompleta del proceso de transici&#243;n que nos lleve a sacrificar el proceso de creaci&#243;n de riqueza en nombre de una distribuci&#243;n que solo puede sostenerse si ese proceso contin&#250;a.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png" width="1394" height="1678" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1678,&quot;width&quot;:1394,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:275805,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189265106?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5nWU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f0e82ac-3409-4518-bd6e-d8ab453909b3_1394x1678.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete a Quality Value Research</span></a></p><div><hr></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Intelligence Crisis or Explosion of Opportunities?]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Response to the Citrini Report on AI and Economic Disruption By Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo | Quality Value Research]]></description><link>https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/intelligence-crisis-or-explosion</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/p/intelligence-crisis-or-explosion</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Quality Value]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:55:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/efc85fe2-4a7a-464e-9f8b-040c3e2104c5_1510x770.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/qualityvalueinvestment/p/crisis-de-inteligencia-o-explosion?r=1hkewb&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;showWelcomeOnShare=true">&#8594; Versi&#243;n original en espa&#241;ol.</a></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Last Sunday, an article published by <strong>Citrini</strong>&#8212;one of the most recognized research firms in the sector&#8212;generated an intense debate on social media and in financial outlets. Bloomberg went so far as to identify it as one of the catalysts for the correction that software companies suffered on Monday the 23rd.</p><p>The report outlines a scenario toward 2028 in which <strong>artificial intelligence</strong>, driven by exponential productivity growth, triggers a disruption of such magnitude that it would ultimately erode the real economy and generate deep structural imbalances.</p><p>It is an ambitious, elaborated, and well-documented analysis. However, in our view, it contains <strong>debatable economic assumptions and omits</strong> certain adjustment mechanisms that have historically operated in processes of technological transformation.</p><p>To address this question with the rigor it deserves, today we have the participation of one of the most influential economists in the field of macroeconomic analysis in the Spanish-speaking world: <strong>Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png" width="1456" height="472" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:472,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:402106,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189383653?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T_Sy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74a327b0-ab2d-44cb-8788-dc4820ce6d83_1914x620.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Rallo holds a PhD in Economics, is a university professor, and is one of the leading contemporary exponents of liberal thought and the Austrian school. His work combines theoretical depth, historical analysis, and an ability to communicate complex ideas, making him an essential reference when it comes to interpreting major structural transformations like the one we are experiencing.</p><p>Furthermore, we are pleased to announce that this collaboration will not be a one-time event. Juan Ram&#243;n Rallo joins as <strong>editor of Quality Value&#8217;s new Economics section</strong>, a space dedicated to macroeconomic and structural analysis that will complement our investment theses and thematic reports, allowing our readers to integrate the macro context into their capital allocation process.</p><p>Without further ado, we present this first article, whose objective is to identify the economic mechanisms that will likely operate during this transition toward the new technological paradigm, as well as the <strong>theoretical errors </strong>that can distort its interpretation&#8212;without claiming to anticipate either the timeline or the specific form in which these processes will materialize.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Intelligence Crisis or Explosion of Opportunities?</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png" width="942" height="1346" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1346,&quot;width&quot;:942,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:204066,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189383653?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0lcj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa3ced63-f326-4a0f-97e6-ab4cc5036a7c_942x1346.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>An article by CitriniResearch has generated considerable commotion on social media in recent days, and it is not difficult to understand why. The scenario it describes&#8212;written as if it were a macro memo from June 2028&#8212;is, to say the least, unsettling.</p><p>Its central thesis can be summarized as follows: AI is generating unprecedented productivity growth, but that growth is structurally incapable of circulating through the real economy because it destroys precisely the base of labor income upon which the entire architecture of American consumption, credit, and taxation rests. Machines produce, but they do not spend. Displaced workers spend less. Companies reinvest their savings in more AI, which displaces more workers. The dynamic feeds back on itself without natural restraint, and its acceleration threatens to successively fracture the private credit market, the mortgage market, and ultimately the solvency of the federal government itself. What Citrini calls &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221;&#8212;output that appears in the national accounts but never reaches anyone&#8217;s pockets&#8212;would be the central pathology of this new cognitive capitalism.</p><p>It is an elaborated argument, well-documented, and in several of its descriptive passages, probably correct.</p><p><strong>The problem is that it confuses the transition with the destination.</strong></p><p>Everything Citrini describes&#8212;the pain of labor displacement, financial stress, the inadequacy of inherited contracts, the slowness of institutional response&#8212;are recognizable features of an economy undergoing deep restructuring between two productive regimes. What Citrini does not demonstrate, though he assumes it on every page, is that these transitory features constitute the steady state of the new regime.</p><p>And that confusion, between the cost of adjustment and the nature of the equilibrium reached, rests on one of the oldest and most persistent errors in the history of economic thought.</p><h2><strong>The Radical Uncertainty of the Genuinely New</strong></h2><p>Before entering the substantive critique, it is worth pausing on a point that Citrini himself acknowledges in passing but whose implications he does not draw: making forecasts about the economic impact of AI is extraordinarily difficult. Not with the usual difficulty of any technological forecast, but with a qualitatively different difficulty. And the reason is exactly what Citrini himself identifies as the foundation of his thesis: this time is different.</p><p>If AI is, as Citrini and many others argue, the first technology in history that makes capital and labor substitutive factors&#8212;the first globally substitutive innovation for human work, not in a specific task but in a growing range of cognitive capabilities&#8212;then we are facing a genuinely unprecedented phenomenon.</p><p>And when we face something genuinely unprecedented, predictive capacity falls to a minimum, because there is no past experience upon which to build reliable extrapolations. Precisely because this time is different, no one can map from within the transition the regime that will emerge from it. But the uncertainty is not only quantitative (we do not know how much, or at what speed).</p><p><strong>It is existential in a literal sense that no other technology has posed.</strong></p><p>The range of possible outcomes from AI does not go from &#8220;we grow a little more&#8221; to &#8220;we grow a little less.&#8221; It goes from material prosperity unprecedented in human history to the literal extinction of the species. The steam engine did not pose existential risks. Neither did electricity. Even nuclear energy, which did pose them, was a technology of specific application whose risk could be geographically and politically bounded. AI is a general-purpose intelligence that improves recursively and whose alignment with human ends remains an open problem among the world&#8217;s best specialists.</p><p>The Financial Times published a chart months ago that illustrates this duality clearly: two extreme scenarios&#8212;one of technological stagnation and another of uncontrolled superintelligence&#8212;flank a central scenario of gradual and relatively orderly integration. The actual range of possibilities is incomparably wider than that of any previous innovation.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png" width="1428" height="1264" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1264,&quot;width&quot;:1428,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:736391,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0C0j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee546a54-fc60-4a83-b001-f0ef1ff5bd92_1428x1264.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Source: Financial Times, based on Wynne &amp; Derr (2025), Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>And here appears a revealing irony in Citrini&#8217;s article. His scenario implicitly assumes that humanity solves the hard problem: the alignment problem. In his 2028 memo, AI continues improving, continues being extraordinarily capable, and at no point does it misalign from human ends or generate an existential catastrophe. We survive superintelligence. What we do not survive, according to him, is the adjustment of the mortgage market. Humanity solves the unprecedented challenge of controlling a recursively improvable general intelligence and drowns in a problem that, by comparison, is institutional and a matter of design: how to redistribute income when the channel through which it flows changes.</p><p>It is epistemologically reckless to construct a scenario with tickers, dates, and precise causal chains from within a phenomenon whose range of outcomes includes human extinction. None of this invalidates Citrini&#8217;s exercise as a scenario. What it invalidates is its implicit claim to be a probable description. What we can do&#8212;and is what this article will attempt&#8212;is identify the economic mechanisms that will likely operate in the transition (competition, cheapening, democratization of access to capital) and the theoretical errors that prevent Citrini from seeing them, without pretending that we know when, at what speed, or in what concrete form they will materialize.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Pain of the Transition Is Real</strong></h2><p>Before explaining why Citrini&#8217;s underlying diagnosis is erroneous, it is worth making clear what is correct about it, because the concession is not rhetorical but substantive.</p><p>What AI threatens to destroy&#8212;if it develops as much as Citrini and many others postulate&#8212;is not human capital in the abstract but specific human capital: the expertise accumulated in concrete tasks that would become obsolete.</p><p>The product manager expert in Salesforce, the financial analyst who masters standard valuation models, the junior developer who translates specifications into routine code, the insurance agent who monetizes client inertia, the consultant whose added value consisted of navigating complexities that a machine no longer finds tedious. If AI reaches the capabilities that Citrini describes, the decapitalization of these cohorts could be effective and irreversible within the horizon of their working lives. This should not be minimized.</p><p>Citrini narrates concrete stories&#8212;the Salesforce product manager who goes from $180,000 annually to driving an Uber for $45,000&#8212;and those stories, if they materialize, would be the archetype of what happens when a technological revolution decapitalizes the specific know-how of a generation. The artisans of the Industrial Revolution were not wrong to perceive that their world was crumbling, even though humanity as a whole came out ahead. The human cost of the transition is not a minor side effect of progress; it is its inevitable shadow, and any analysis that ignores it deserves the reproach of frivolity. Citrini&#8217;s does not ignore it. Neither does mine.</p><p>But recognizing the pain of the transition is not the same as accepting Citrini&#8217;s diagnosis about its deep causes, because that diagnosis extrapolates the symptoms of adjustment and presents them as if they were the description of a new permanent regime. And that is where the analysis goes astray.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>This Time Is Different&#8212;But Not for the Reason Citrini Believes</strong></h2><p>There is a legitimate objection to all of the above that Citrini himself formulates and that is worth taking seriously: this time is different. In all previous technological revolutions, capital and labor were complementary factors. The steam engine needed operators. Electricity needed engineers. The computer needed programmers. The assembly line needed, at another level, designers, managers, supervisors.</p><p>Each innovation increased the productivity of human labor and, with it, its remuneration. ATMs made bank branches cheaper, so banks opened more of them and hired more employees for higher-value-added tasks. The internet destroyed travel agencies but created entire industries&#8212;e-commerce, social networks, the platform economy&#8212;that absorbed far more employment than was destroyed. The pattern repeated with such regularity that it acquired the force of natural law: technology destroys jobs and then creates more.</p><p>Citrini points out, rightly, that this pattern rested on a premise that AI may be breaking. Each new job created by technology required a human to perform it, because technology was only capable of executing specific and bounded tasks: capital complemented labor.</p><p>AI, for the first time, is a general-purpose technology that improves precisely in the tasks to which displaced workers would redirect themselves. It is not a machine that automates one task and frees the human for another; it is a general intelligence that competes with humans in a growing range of cognitive tasks and that improves in those tasks faster than humans can retrain. The relationship between capital and labor may be ceasing to be complementary and becoming substitutive. That is genuinely new, genuinely disruptive, and minimizing it would be an error as grave as Citrini&#8217;s catastrophism but in the opposite direction.</p><p><strong>Now: that capital and labor become substitutive does not imply what Citrini concludes. And here is the decisive turn that his analysis does not make.</strong></p><p><strong>Capital is not an autonomous entity that operates by itself.</strong></p><p><strong>Capital is owned by someone.</strong></p><p>And being an owner of capital is not a passive relationship of mere legal title: it is the continuous exercise of three functions that can be partially delegated to the machine but never entirely as long as a property relationship exists between a human subject and a productive object.</p><p>The first is waiting: every productive process requires that someone financially sustain the interval between the initial investment and the final result, renouncing the alternative uses of those resources during that period. AI can optimize the sequence of a project, but it cannot be the one who renounces the alternative uses of a capital it does not possess. The waiting falls on whoever owns the resources, and that someone is, in a human economy, a human being.</p><p>The second is the absorption of uncertainty: someone must commit their patrimony to a project whose outcome is not guaranteed, and only someone who has something to lose can genuinely absorb that uncertainty. AI can refine predictions, model scenarios, and reduce residual uncertainty, but it cannot go bankrupt; it transfers the irreducible uncertainty entirely to whoever owns it.</p><p>The third is entrepreneurial judgment: the selection, among alternative courses of action, of the one the agent considers most valuable, assuming the consequences of that choice. Here it is worth distinguishing between original judgment and derived judgment. AI can exercise derived judgment: it can select among options within a framework of criteria that someone has defined for it, and it will do so with increasing efficacy. What it cannot exercise&#8212;as long as it is an instrument in the service of a human being and not an autonomous agent&#8212;is original judgment: the ultimate determination of what is worth attempting versus what is not, the decision to commit or withdraw when information is radically incomplete and the consequences fall on a real patrimony. The relationship between both types of judgment is not necessarily sequential&#8212;it is not that first the human sets the ends and then the AI operates within them. It may happen that the AI generates multiple derived proposals, explores alternatives that the human would not have conceived, and presents them as options. But the final choice among those options&#8212;the a posteriori validation of which deserves the commitment of real resources&#8212;is always original judgment, because it falls on whoever assumes the consequences. And that determination is not an act of information processing&#8212;it is an act of agency that requires a subject with their own ends and a patrimony that answers for the decision. As long as AI is an instrument and not a subject, original judgment remains in human hands.</p><p><strong>Capital, in sum, is not a thing. Capital is waiting, risk, and entrepreneurial judgment materialized in means of production.</strong></p><p>If capital continues to be human property&#8212;and in a human economy, where AI operates as an instrument and not as an autonomous agent, it is by definition&#8212;then the human being continues to supply the productive factors that AI cannot completely substitute.</p><p><strong>The capital-labor relationship breaks; the capital-human owner relationship does not.</strong></p><p>And as long as that relationship persists, the human being remains an irreducible part of the productive process&#8212;not as an executor of tasks (there AI wins) but as the agent who waits, risks, and directs. One could imagine a scenario in which AI became an autonomous agent: with its own ends, its own patrimony, and the capacity to assume consequences on its own account. In that case, the capital-human owner relationship would indeed break&#8212;but we would no longer be describing a human economy but something qualitatively different that would require its own analysis. Citrini does not pose that scenario (in fact, as we have seen, he implicitly excludes it by assuming that the alignment problem is solved), and neither do we need it for this argument.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png" width="1456" height="1116" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1116,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:224173,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.qualityvalueinvestments.com/i/189383653?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pehv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0fde5877-873b-4452-996c-be284dde1372_1724x1322.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Myth of Ghost GDP: Through Which Channel Income Actually Flows</strong></h2><p>The argument of &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221;&#8212;output that appears in the national accounts but never reaches anyone&#8217;s pockets&#8212;is the contemporary version of underconsumption theory, which holds that an economy can generate more output than it is capable of absorbing in the form of effective demand.</p><p>The formulation is intuitively attractive&#8212;machines do not buy protein or pay mortgages&#8212;but it incurs the same error that Jean-Baptiste Say identified more than two hundred years ago and that Austrian economists later developed with greater precision: production does not destroy demand; it creates it.</p><p>The principle deserves explanation, because it is counterintuitive and because misunderstanding it is what leads to conclusions like Citrini&#8217;s.</p><p>Say&#8217;s idea is not that &#8220;everything that is produced is sold&#8221; (that is a caricature that not even Say himself held). It is something deeper: in a monetary economy, no one produces to accumulate goods without end; one produces to exchange, and the very act of producing generates the income with which to demand what others produce.</p><p>When a farmer harvests wheat, his harvest is not only supply: it is also his means to demand the shoemaker&#8217;s shoes, who in turn will use the income received to demand the carpenter&#8217;s wood. Each person&#8217;s production is the source of their demand. The aggregate income of the economy cannot be less than aggregate output, because they are the same thing viewed from opposite sides of each transaction.</p><p><strong>What happens when AI produces what a worker used to produce?</strong></p><p>Production continues to exist&#8212;and with it the income it generates. Only that income no longer reaches the worker in the form of a salary; it reaches the owner of the AI in the form of profit, which they spend, invest, or save (and saving is investment in the banking system: it is lent to whoever does spend or invest it). The output has not disappeared; the distribution channel has changed. Citrini observes that the old channel (the payroll) dries up and concludes that demand evaporates.</p><p><strong>But demand does not evaporate: it flows through another channel.</strong></p><p>A concrete example.</p><p>Suppose a software company replaces ten analysts with an AI system. The ten analysts stop receiving their salaries&#8212;that is the pain Citrini describes, and it is real. But the company has not destroyed the output those analysts generated; it has replicated it at lower cost. The difference between the previous cost (the salaries) and the new cost (the AI subscription) is savings that becomes one of three things: profit distributed to shareholders (who spend or invest it), reinvestment in new projects (which generates new economic activity), or price reductions for the customer (which frees up disposable income for other purposes). In none of the three cases does income disappear. It is redistributed.</p><p>Citrini could respond that this reasoning ignores scale: if the substitution does not affect one company but millions, the volume of income that changes channel can be so large and so fast that the system does not absorb the redistribution in time. It is a serious objection, and it deserves to be taken seriously. Let us grant, then, the substitution dynamic in all its extension. Whenever the productivity-to-cost ratio of an AI agent is superior to that of a human worker in a given task, the company will have incentives to capture capital and replace. That process does not have to stop, and probably will not. Citrini is right about the mechanism. Where he is wrong is about the destination of the savings.</p><p>His narrative assumes that the surplus generated by substitution remains trapped within the companies that execute it, feeding a closed circuit of reinvestment in more AI that generates more substitution.</p><p><strong>This is the &#8220;Ghost GDP.&#8221; The image is powerful, but it omits the most basic and most potent mechanism of the market economy: competition.</strong></p><p>When a company substitutes labor for AI and obtains an extraordinary margin, that margin is a profit signal that attracts competitors&#8212;both rivals who execute the same substitution and new entrants who, precisely because AI is cheap, can replicate the operation with minimal entry costs.</p><p>Citrini himself documents this process with a precision that contradicts his own thesis: he describes how dozens of &#8220;vibe-coded&#8221; competitors fragmented DoorDash in weeks, how differentiation in SaaS collapsed because AI equalized development capabilities, how incumbents entered a &#8220;knife-fight&#8221; on prices with challengers that had no inherited cost structure. What he is describing, without recognizing it, is competition eroding the margin from substitution and transferring it downward, to the price the consumer pays.</p><p><strong>The surplus generated by AI will tend not to stay in the company. It will circulate, but not through the channel Citrini seeks (the payroll), but through another that he systematically ignores: price reduction.</strong></p><p>Each round of competitive substitution tends to reduce the price of the affected good or service. When SaaS that cost $500 annually drops to $50&#8212;or zero&#8212;those $450 have not disappeared from the economy: they are consumer surplus that is free to be spent on something else, or investor surplus that is free to be directed to another project. Multiplied by millions of transactions, in hundreds of sectors simultaneously, the likely effect is a massive expansion of real purchasing power that does not appear as wage income on any payroll but operates exactly as disposable income for whoever receives it.</p><p><strong>Citrini&#8217;s GDP is not ghostly: it circulates through a channel he is not looking at because he keeps searching for income in the payroll receipt.</strong></p><p>Citrini also needs to exaggerate the concentration of spending for the chain of contagion from white-collar employment to consumption collapse to be as dramatic as possible. And his use of data reflects this. He claims that the richest 10% generate more than 50% of all consumer spending in the United States, and that the top 20% generate 65%. The figure comes from a Moody&#8217;s Analytics analysis that has been questioned by economists such as Antoine Levy of UC Berkeley, who notes that the methodology imputes consumption from Federal Reserve data that do not measure consumption directly; data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which does measure it, places the figure closer to 35%.</p><p>The difference is significant, but what is revealing is not so much the exact number as the selection: among available estimates, Citrini systematically chooses the one that produces the most alarming scenario.</p><p>And underconsumption theory has an even deeper flaw: it implicitly assumes that the horizon of human needs is fixed, that once existing needs are satisfied the surplus finds no productive destination.</p><p>Economic history systematically disproves that premise. Human needs are not a static set that production merely satisfies; they are, in part, an endogenous product of the productive process itself. Each qualitative expansion of productive possibilities reconfigures the horizon of ends that human beings are capable of imagining and desiring. The printing press did not only cheapen existing books: it engendered the modern novel, the press, scientific popularization&#8212;cultural forms that did not exist before and that generated entirely new needs. Electricity did not only illuminate what already existed: it made conceivable what without it was unthinkable.</p><p><strong>AI, which by hypothesis represents the greatest qualitative expansion of productive possibilities in human history, should not contract the space of unsatisfied needs but expand it radically.</strong></p><p>Citrini&#8217;s &#8220;Ghost GDP&#8221; is an illusion produced by looking only at the jobs that disappear and not at the ends that have not yet been conceived.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png" width="1456" height="928" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BuSi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e646e25-bc6c-4c94-bcd9-15eb7abea2c4_1682x1072.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>AI as the Great Leveler: The Transition from Worker to Capitalist</strong></h2><p>Price reduction has a second effect, perhaps more important than the first, and which connects directly with the question of whether the substitution dynamic is equivalent to a collapse of aggregate demand.</p><p>Each price reduction in the inputs that a productive activity requires lowers the threshold of capital necessary to undertake it&#8212;and the most drastic reduction occurs precisely in the input that has historically constituted the highest barrier to entry: human capital, the intellectual and formational component of any activity.</p><p>Consider what this means concretely. The renovation contractor who previously needed $200,000 to set up a competitive operation&#8212;between management software, design, accounting, permit analysis, and construction planning&#8212;now needs a fraction of that, because AI has collapsed the cost of the entire intellectual component of their business. The independent financial advisor who previously required a Bloomberg terminal, a team of analysts, and an institutional software license can now offer portfolio analysis of comparable quality for a few dollars a month. The small hospitality business owner who previously outsourced accounting, marketing, and supplier management to three different companies now integrates all of that in a tool that costs less than a dinner.</p><p><strong>In each case, the transition is the same: from needing a department to compete to being able to do so with one&#8217;s own judgment and a subscription.</strong></p><p>And the effect does not stop at directly intellectual costs, because practically every input in a modern economy incorporates an intellectual component in its production chain&#8212;design, logistics, inventory management, process optimization, regulatory certification&#8212;so that the cheapening of intelligence propagates indirectly to the cost of inputs that are not intellectual in themselves. Construction materials are not manufactured by an AI, but their price reflects the cost of the entire chain that designs, specifies, transports, and certifies them, and that chain tends to cheapen at each link that AI touches. The cascade effect reduces the threshold of entry to business activity in ways that far exceed mere office work substitution.</p><p><strong>AI, in this sense, operates as the great leveler of business activity.</strong></p><p>It not only cheapens consumer goods but&#8212;and this is decisive&#8212;cheapens the costs of entry to the productive process itself, especially those that depended on specialized training, access to expensive information, or analytical capacity that only large corporations could finance. That is not destruction of productive capacity; it is its democratization on an unprecedented scale.</p><p>And here closes the argument that runs through this entire reply.</p><p><strong>If capital and labor become substitutive, the relevant question is not whether displaced workers will find new jobs as workers (perhaps many will not), but whether the threshold for participating in the economy as owners of capital&#8212;as agents who wait, risk, and judge through AI&#8212;falls enough to absorb a significant proportion of those who lose their position as workers.</strong></p><p>And the answer, in an economy where intelligence as an input becomes universal and where the cascade effect cheapens everything that intelligence touches, is that this threshold can fall as never before in history.</p><p>One does not need a university degree or a corporate department to commit one&#8217;s own resources to an uncertain project, sustain the wait for its maturation, and select among the courses of action that AI makes available.</p><p>What is needed is a willingness to absorb waiting and risk&#8212;attitudes that are distributable, not monopolizable&#8212;and AI, by collapsing the cost of everything else, makes those attitudes the only thing truly necessary.</p><p><strong>This is what we might call the entrepreneurial enablement effect of AI: it not only cheapens consumption but cheapens production&#8212;and with it expands the number of people who can participate in the economy as owners of capital.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gWA9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe684b435-4fdc-440a-a41c-f5000a610e08_1302x1602.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Productive Transition: An Indeterminate Balance</strong></h2><p>This enablement effect is real, but its effect on the specific cohorts suffering the disruption is not predetermined.</p><p>The Salesforce product manager who loses their $180,000 job operates simultaneously under two opposing forces. On one hand, they suffer the decapitalization of their specific know-how: the tasks they mastered are no longer worth what they were worth, and their wage income falls or disappears. On the other hand, they live in an economy where the costs of entrepreneurship have plummeted, where AI tools provide them with analytical, development, marketing, and management capacity that five years ago would have required a team of ten people, and where their knowledge of the sector and their network of contacts give them a starting point that not everyone has.</p><p><strong>Which of the two forces dominates? We do not know.</strong></p><p>It is genuinely indeterminate, and depends on variables that cannot be resolved theoretically: their personal financial situation, their willingness to take risk, the speed with which the economy generates new business opportunities, the quality of the institutional response.</p><p>What we can affirm is that the indeterminacy resolves differently depending on the time horizon. For those in the midst of disruption, with a mortgage to pay and savings running out, the force of decapitalization may dominate the force of enablement for months or years. The pain is real, and there is no theoretical argument that alleviates it.</p><p>But for the generation that comes after&#8212;the one that grows up in an environment where the tools that previously required entire departments are within anyone&#8217;s reach&#8212;the transition from worker to capitalist is not a distant ideal but an everyday possibility. Just as today anyone with a smartphone can publish content that thirty years ago required a printing press or a broadcast station, tomorrow anyone with AI could undertake projects that today require corporate structures. The threshold drops, and with it the barrier that separated those who sold their labor from those who produced through their capital.</p><p>The net balance of these two forces&#8212;decapitalization of specific work and enablement of entrepreneurial capital&#8212;will determine the real experience of the transition for each individual, each cohort, and each region. It is not a balance that can be resolved a priori either in Citrini&#8217;s catastrophist direction or in the optimist one.</p><p>What can be affirmed is that the enablement force exists, that it is powerful, that it intensifies with each reduction in the cost of AI, and that Citrini ignores it completely. His analysis only counts decapitalization and extrapolates from there to systemic collapse. It is like calculating the losses from a fire without accounting for the reconstruction.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png" width="1456" height="1173" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QeUu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7e9b443-df7c-4a0a-91e3-cce7accebe53_1646x1326.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Financial Transition</strong></h2><p>The most elaborated section of Citrini&#8217;s article&#8212;and the most effective as a narrative piece&#8212;is the chain of financial contagion: labor substitution deteriorates wage incomes, which threatens the servicing of mortgage debt and the debt of companies whose business models AI has made obsolete, which fragilizes banks and life insurers that finance private credit, which tightens credit conditions, which further depresses consumption, which accelerates the spiral.</p><p>The narrative is cinematic: Zendesk as the smoking gun, Athene as the systemic link, the prime mortgages of San Francisco as the last domino. It must be acknowledged that, as a scenario exercise, it is intelligent.</p><p>And it should not be dismissed with an optimism that the argument does not justify. If we accept that the productive transition can be disorderly&#8212;and we do accept this, because the history of every technological revolution confirms it&#8212;the financial transition will probably be disorderly as well, and possibly more violently so.</p><p>The financial system is nothing other than the contractual crystallization of expectations about future income flows. A thirty-year mortgage signed in 2024 incorporates the expectation that the debtor will maintain stable wage income for three decades. A leveraged loan against a SaaS company&#8217;s ARR incorporates the expectation that that recurring revenue will keep recurring. The debt of any company whose business model rests on the intermediation of human frictions&#8212;and Citrini documents many&#8212;incorporates the expectation that those frictions will persist.</p><p><strong>When AI invalidates those expectations, contracts come under stress.</strong></p><p>And credit contracts are, by design, rigid: they are negotiated for terms of decades, with fixed terms, and are not restructured without a credit event. Which is exactly what Citrini describes.</p><p>It is also true that the evolution of system collaterals will be ambiguous. There are reasons to think that assets complementary to AI and relatively scarce&#8212;well-located urban land, critical physical infrastructure, certain real estate&#8212;would tend to appreciate in real terms as everything replicable becomes cheaper.</p><p>But simultaneously there would be assets that completely lose their productive function: offices designed for workforces that no longer exist, commercial infrastructure linked to intermediation models that AI has dismantled, specialized facilities for processes that cease to be necessary. The net effect on collaterals is not unambiguously positive or negative; it depends on the composition of each balance sheet, each portfolio, each geographical zone.</p><p>That there will be significant credit disruptions, defaults in specific segments of private credit, bankruptcies of companies whose business models AI has made obsolete and whose debt was signed under income assumptions that no longer exist, deterioration in mortgages linked to the cohorts most affected by substitution, and even episodes of systemic stress requiring extraordinary interventions by the Federal Reserve and regulators&#8212;all of this is not only possible but probable if the speed of the productive transition approaches what Citrini describes.</p><p><strong>What does not follow is that these financial disruptions constitute evidence of a permanent structural collapse of aggregate demand.</strong></p><p>They are evidence that the financial contracts inherited from the previous productive regime need repricing&#8212;both those that bet on the continuity of stable wage incomes and those that bet on the continuity of business models that AI is dismantling. A repricing that will be painful, disorderly, and costly for those on the wrong side, but that is, ultimately, the mechanism by which the financial system adjusts to a new productive reality.</p><p><strong>The financial transition would be, in sum, a reflection of the productive transition: foreseeably as disorderly as this one and as costly as this one.</strong></p><p>But they are effects of restructuring between two regimes, not the steady state of the new regime. The defaults and bankruptcies that Citrini describes are not symptoms of an economy that has stopped working; they are the cost of a financial system that is recalibrating from the assumptions of the regime that is dying toward those of the regime that is emerging. Confusing that cost with the economy&#8217;s permanent destination is, once again, the underconsumptionist error: taking a snapshot of the transitory mismatch and projecting it as if it were the final equilibrium.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The State&#8217;s Reaction: Another Omission by Citrini</strong></h2><p>Citrini purports to write a realistic report about what happens when AI disrupts the American economy.</p><p><strong>But his analysis omits the reaction of the largest and most powerful agent in that economy: the State.</strong></p><p>And the omission is not minor, because the state&#8217;s response is not an exogenous variable that can be included or not at the analyst&#8217;s discretion; it is an endogenous consequence of the same incentives that Citrini describes. When millions of voters lose their jobs and the financial system comes under stress, governments do not stand by watching.</p><p><strong>They act&#8212;not necessarily well, not necessarily in time, but they act. Ignoring that reaction is not analytical rigor; it is partiality.</strong></p><p>What follows is not a prescription of what the State should do, but a description of what it will foreseeably do, driven by the political incentives that the disruption itself generates.</p><p>Consider the three most foreseeable dimensions of that response.</p><p>The first is fiscal. Citrini presents the erosion of the tax base&#8212;federal revenues fall because they tax payrolls and payrolls dry up&#8212;as if it were a dead end. But states are not passive collectors who watch their tax base disappear without reacting. If income migrates from labor to capital&#8212;if the surplus from AI productivity flows to infrastructure owners, to shareholders of companies that adopt it, to corporate profits and capital gains&#8212;the State will tend to shift its fiscal pressure in the same direction. Not because it is desirable (there are solid arguments against capital taxation), but because political incentives guarantee it: a State that needs to collect and sees where the income is will tax that income. The fiscal history of the last two centuries is a succession of adaptations of the tax base to the productive structure of each era. There is no reason to suppose that this time will be different. The State&#8217;s fiscal balance does not have to deteriorate as Citrini describes; it will tend to reconfigure, with the distortions and costs that every fiscal reconfiguration entails, but it will tend to reconfigure.</p><p>The second is redistributive. The losers of the transition&#8212;the cohorts whose specific human capital is decapitalized&#8212;constitute an enormous electoral bloc, concentrated in the upper-middle income segments that participate most in the political process. The pressure to compensate them through direct transfers, retraining programs, employment subsidies, or guaranteed income mechanisms will foreseeably be immense, and governments&#8212;by conviction, by electoral calculation, or by simple fear of social disorder&#8212;will tend to respond to that pressure. Citrini himself implicitly acknowledges this when he describes proposals like the &#8220;Transition Economy Act&#8221; or the &#8220;Shared AI Prosperity Act&#8221; in his scenario; what he does not do is incorporate the effect of those interventions into his causal chain. He mentions them as part of the political landscape and dismisses them as insufficient or late, without modeling their dampening impact on the consumption dynamic he describes as catastrophic. That compensation will be imperfect, late, and politically conflictive is likely. That it will be nonexistent is implausible.</p><p>The third is financial. The implosion of private credit and the mortgage market that Citrini describes in such detail would occur&#8212;if it occurs&#8212;before a Federal Reserve and a Treasury that have proven tools to intervene in exactly this type of crisis. The purchase of MBS, the provision of emergency liquidity, the facilitation of forbearance and refinancing programs, the explicit or implicit backing of systemic institutions&#8212;all of that was deployed in 2008 and in 2020 with results that, whatever their long-term costs, avoided the cascade of defaults that Citrini takes as inevitable. Will this type of intervention generate distortions, moral hazard, and future costs? Without a doubt. But the analyst who claims to describe what happens cannot construct their scenario assuming that the central bank will passively observe the collapse of the mortgage market without moving a finger. That is not what it has ever done. That is not what it will foreseeably do this time.</p><p>None of these observations is prescriptive. I am not arguing that state intervention is desirable, nor that its effects will be benign, nor that it will not generate its own distortions and problems.</p><p><strong>I am arguing something simpler: that it is predictable. And that an analysis purporting to model the macroeconomic consequences of AI disruption without incorporating the endogenous reaction of the agent that spends between 40% and 60% of GDP depending on the country, that controls monetary policy, that has regulation in its hands, and that responds directly to the political incentives generated by the disruption itself is not an incomplete analysis&#8212;it is an analysis biased in the direction of its conclusion.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSJj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d5e8aa4-33f2-4bc0-86d9-cb954d2afc1b_1692x1330.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PSJj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d5e8aa4-33f2-4bc0-86d9-cb954d2afc1b_1692x1330.png" width="1456" height="1144" 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2><p>Citrini ends his article with a warning: &#8220;the canary is still alive.&#8221;</p><p><strong>He says it as a call to act before it is too late. I share the urgency, but not the diagnosis that motivates it.</strong></p><p>The canary to watch is not the one Citrini describes. His canary&#8212;the collapse of aggregate demand through labor substitution&#8212;presupposes that the economy only knows how to generate demand through one channel (the payroll), that human beings only know how to participate in production in one form (as workers), and that institutions only know how to operate under one regime (the inherited one). None of those three premises survives scrutiny.</p><p>The real canary is another. It is the speed of the transition versus the adaptation capacity of the specific people who suffer it: how many cohorts will be trapped between a regime that is dying and another that has not yet consolidated, and for how long? It is the political response to that speed: will it be agile enough to facilitate the transit without being clumsy enough to obstruct the wealth creation process that makes it possible?</p><p><strong>And above all, it is the question that precedes all others and that Citrini takes as resolved without even posing it: will we keep AI as a human instrument, or will we allow&#8212;through negligence, haste, or incapacity&#8212;it to end up controlling us?</strong></p><p>If AI remains as an instrument, the economy will tend to adjust. The adjustment will be painful for some, politically conflictive, and ethically demanding, although the net balance may be positive even during the transition.</p><p>But the likely direction is toward a more productive regime, with a broader space for value creation and more democratic access to the productive process than the current one. If AI ceases to be an instrument, none of these arguments matter&#8212;neither Citrini&#8217;s nor mine.</p><p><strong>The canary is still alive. What threatens to kill it is not that AI produces too much. It is that we confuse the transition with the destination and, believing that collapse is inevitable, have a partial and incomplete vision of the transition process that leads us to sacrifice the wealth creation process in the name of a distribution that can only be sustained if that process continues.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Djdg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cf03e50-a396-441b-99e1-ce1224bf6f6d_1404x1672.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Djdg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4cf03e50-a396-441b-99e1-ce1224bf6f6d_1404x1672.png 424w, 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